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The '''Knoop hardness test''' {{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|n|uː|p}} is a microhardness test – a test for mechanical [[hardness]] used particularly for very brittle materials or thin sheets, where only a small indentation may be made for testing purposes. A [[pyramid]]al [[diamond]] point is pressed into the polished surface of the test material with a known (often 100g) load, for a specified dwell time, and the resulting indentation is measured using a [[microscope]]. The geometry of this indenter is an extended pyramid with the length to width ratio being 7:1 and respective face angles are 172 degrees for the long edge and 130 degrees for the short edge. The depth of the indentation can be approximated as 1/30 of the long dimension.<ref>[http://www.gordonengland.co.uk/hardness/microhardness.htm "Microhardness Test", Surface Engineering Forum]</ref> The Knoop hardness ''HK'' or ''KHN'' is then given by the formula:
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:<math>HK={{\textrm{load}(\mbox{kgf})} \over {\textrm{impression\ area} (\mbox{mm}^2)}}={P \over {C_pL^2}}</math>
 
where:
:''L'' = length of indentation along its long axis
:''C''<sub>p</sub> = correction factor related to the shape of the indenter, ideally 0.070279
:''P'' = load
 
HK values are typically in the range from 100 to 1000, when specified in the conventional units of g<sub>f</sub>·mm<sup>−2</sup>.  The SI unit, [[pascal (unit)|pascal]]s, are sometimes used instead: 1&nbsp;kg<sub>f</sub>·mm<sup>−2</sup> = 9.80665 MPa.
 
The test was developed by Frederick Knoop<ref>{{cite journal|author=F. Knoop, C.G. Peters and W.B. Emerson|title=A Sensitive Pyramidal-Diamond Tool for Indentation Measurements|journal=Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards|volume=23|issue=1|year=1939| pages=39–61 (Research Paper RP1220)|url=http://archive.org/details/jresv23n1p39|doi=10.6028/jres.023.022}}</ref> and colleagues at the National Bureau of Standards (now [[NIST]]) of the [[USA]] in 1939, and is defined by the [[ASTM]] E384 standard.
 
The advantages of the test are that only a very small sample of material is required, and that it is valid for a wide range of test forces. The main disadvantages are the difficulty of using a microscope to measure the indentation (with an accuracy of 0.5 [[micrometre]]), and the time needed to prepare the sample and apply the indenter.
 
Variables such as load, temperature, and environment, may effect this procedure, which have been examined in detail.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Czemuska|first=J. T.|journal=Proc. Br. Ceram. Soc.|year=1984|volume=34|pages=145-156}}</ref>  
 
[[File:Knoop-and Mohs- scale.svg|thumb|250px|Comparison between the Mohs and the Knoop scales.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Sample values
!Material !! HK
|-
|[[Dentin]] || 68
|-
|[[Gold]] foil || 69
|-
|[[Tooth enamel]] || 343
|-
|[[Quartz]] || 820
|-
|[[Silicon carbide]] || 2480
|-
|[[Diamond]] || 7000
|}
 
== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Vickers hardness test]]
* [[Ceramography#Microindention hardness and toughness|Knoop hardness of ceramics]]
* [[Leeb Rebound Hardness Test]]
* [[Meyer hardness test]]
{{Div col end}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.efunda.com/units/hardness/convert_hardness.cfm?cat=Steel&HD=HK efunda]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20080113233200/http://www.lib.umich.edu/dentlib/Dental_tables/Knoophard.html Dental hardness tables]
 
[[Category:Hardness tests]]
 
[[de:Härte#Härteprüfung nach Knoop]]

Latest revision as of 17:01, 8 December 2014

The best part of the Tadalis is that men suffering with impotence can even enjoy the multiple orgasms during the sexual copulation. The Obama administration has been trying to garner a peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Today, you can easily get ginseng capsules from market in the form of capsules. Some times while writing an online story they use a phrases like I love my cat, I am loved, I am wondering for. Your cure erectile dysfunctions naturally report is waiting for you.

Here are some remedies for impotence you can try tonight. Tadalafil works by inhibiting the enzyme PDE-5, and helps to increase the blood supply to the penis. Most of the companies launch multiple products every year, and several new companies born every quarter. Some patients may experience headache, diarrhea, dizziness, upset stomach, vomiting, nasal congestion. Eric strongly recommends the use of supplements to improve your overall health.

My name is Sid Martin from Las Vegas, I am a part time article writer on health related topics such as men's health, sexual health etc. It acts by increasing the level of the gas nitric oxide in the blood, which helps certain muscles to relax - that in turn improves the blood circulation and the end effect is a strong and sustainable erection. They were also five times as likely to experience a live birth. Both men and women are using alcohol to increase their horniness see. In a few instances, very much tension, fatigue or maybe the reality that you just aren't excited from your partner can keep you from enjoying a long lasting erection or perhaps from effectively penetrating.

To treat heart disease you can take a small amount of black seed oil daily. It will help your stylist get an idea of what type of cut or color you may have in mind on a future visit. All generic drugs are non prescription drugs and Forzest also belongs to the same category. Other diseases that can affect the nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. There are various impotence cures available on the market.

Generally the method of stimulation required to achieve arousal can be what a man views or feels. 7% of newly married men have acute prostatitis that trigger prostate swelling that causes premature ejaculation, nocturnal emission, ejaculation pain and even erectile dysfunction. take a second and Google 'Vision loss and impotence' and you will find about 1. Of course, if your personal or family history suggests that no wine is best for you, then forego the vino and opt for red grape juice, which contains those same antioxidants. The Penis contains two chambers, made of spongy tissue, which run the length of the penis.

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