Covering groups of the alternating and symmetric groups

In mathematics, the joint spectral radius is a generalization of the classical notion of spectral radius of a matrix, to sets of matrices. In recent years this notion has found applications in a large number of engineering fields and is still a topic of active research.

General description

The joint spectral radius of a set of matrices is the maximal asymptotic growth rate of products of matrices taken in that set. For a finite (or more generally compact) set of matrices ${\mathcal {M}}=\{A_{1},\dots ,A_{m}\}\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n},$ the joint spectral radius is defined as follows:

$\rho ({\mathcal {M}})=\lim _{k\to \infty }\max {\{\|A_{i_{1}}\cdots A_{i_{k}}\|^{1/k}:A_{i}\in {\mathcal {M}}\}}.\,$

It can be proved that the limit exists and that the quantity actually does not depend on the chosen matrix norm (this is true for any norm but particularly easy to see if the norm is sub-multiplicative). The joint spectral radius was introduced in 1960 by Rota and Strang, two mathematicians from MIT, but started attracting attention with the work of Ingrid Daubechies and Jeffrey Lagarias. They showed that the joint spectral radius can be used to describe smoothness properties of certain wavelet functions. A wide number of applications have been proposed since then. It is known that the joint spectral radius quantity is NP-hard to compute or to approximate, even when the set ${\mathcal {M}}$ consists of only two matrices with all nonzero entries of the two matrices which are constrained to be equal. Moreover, the question "$\rho \leq 1?$" is an undecidable problem. Nevertheless, in recent years much progress has been done on its understanding, and it appears that in practice the joint spectral radius can often be computed to satisfactory precision, and that it moreover can bring interesting insight in engineering and mathematical problems.

Computation

Approximation algorithms

In spite of the negative theoretical results on the joint spectral radius computability, methods have been proposed that perform well in practice. Algorithms are even known, which can reach an arbitrary accuracy in an a priori computable amount of time. These algorithms can be seen as trying to approximate the unit ball of a particular vector norm, called the extremal norm. One generally distinguishes between two families of such algorithms: the first family, called polytope norm methods, construct the extremal norm by computing long trajectories of points. An advantage of these methods is that in the favorable cases it can find the exact value of the joint spectral radius and provide a certificate that this is the exact value.

The second methods approximate the extremal norm with modern optimization techniques, like ellipsoid norm approximation, semidefinite programming, Sum Of Squares, conic programming. The advantage of these methods is that they are easy to implement, and in practice, they provide in general the best bounds on the joint spectral radius.

The finiteness conjecture

Related to the computability of the joint spectral radius is the following conjecture:

"For any finite set of matrices ${\mathcal {M}}\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n},$ there is a product $A_{1}\dots A_{t}$ of matrices in this set such that

$\rho ({\mathcal {M}})=\rho (A_{1}\dots A_{t})^{1/t}.$"

In the above equation "$\rho (A_{1}\dots A_{t})$" refers to the classical spectral radius of the matrix $A_{1}\dots A_{t}.$

This conjecture, proposed in 1995, has been proved to be false in 2003,. The counterexample provided in that reference uses advanced measure-theoretical ideas. Subsequently, many other counterexamples have been provided, including an elementary counterexample that uses simple combinatorial properties matrices and a counterexample based on dynamical systems properties. Recently an explicit counterexample has been proposed in. Many questions related to this conjecture are still open, as for instance the question of knowing whether it holds for pairs of binary matrices.

Applications

The joint spectral radius was introduced for its interpretation as a stability condition for discrete-time switching dynamical systems. Indeed, the system defined by the equations

$x_{t+1}=A_{t}x_{t},\quad A_{t}\in {\mathcal {M}}\,\forall t$

is stable if and only if $\rho ({\mathcal {M}})<1.$

The joint spectral radius became popular when Ingrid Daubechies and Jeffrey Lagarias showed that it rules the continuity of certain wavelet functions. Since then, it has found many applications, ranging from number theory to information theory, autonomous agents consensus, combinatorics on words,...

Related notions

The joint spectral radius is the generalization of the spectral radius of a matrix for a set of several matrices. However, much more quantities can be defined when considering a set of matrices: The joint spectral subradius characterizes the minimal rate of growth of products in the semigroup generated by ${\mathcal {M}}$. The p-radius characterizes the rate of growth of the $L_{p}$ average of the norms of the products in the semigroup. The Lyapunov exponent of the set of matrices characterizes the rate of growth of the geometric average.

Further reading

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• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

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References

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