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A '''shallow donor''' refers to a donor that contributes an electron that exhibits energy states equivalent to atomic hydrogen with an altered expected mass i.e. the long range coulomb potential of the ion-cores determines the energy levels. Essentially the electron orbits the donor ion within the semiconductor material at approximately the bohr radius. This is in contrast to deep level donors where the short range potential determines the energy levels, not the effective mass states. This contributes additional energy states that can be used for conduction.
 
==Overview==
Introducing impurities in a [[semiconductor]] which are used to set free additional electrons in its conduction band is called [[Doping (Semiconductors)|doping]] with [[Donor (semiconductors)|donors]]. In a [[Group 14 element|group IV]] semiconductor like [[silicon]] these are most often [[Group 15 element|group V element]]s like [[arsenic]] or [[antimony]]. However, these impurities introduce new [[energy level]]s in the [[band gap]] affecting the [[Electronic band structure|band structure]] which may alter the electronic properties of the semiconductor to a great extent.
 
Having a shallow donor level means that these additional energy levels are not more than <math>3 k_b T</math> (0.075&nbsp;eV at room temperature) away from the lower [[conduction band]] edge. This allows us to treat the original semiconductor as unaffected in its electronic properties, with the impurity atoms only increasing the [[electron]] concentration. A limit to donor concentration in order to allow treatment as shallow donors is approximately 10<sup>19</sup>&nbsp;cm<sup>−3</sup>.
 
Energy levels due to impurities deeper in the bandgap are called [[deep level]]s.
 
==References==
* {{cite book | author= Marius Grundmann|title= The Physics of Semiconductors| publisher=Springer | location= Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York| year= 2006 | isbn= 978-3-540-25370-9}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shallow Donor}}
[[Category:Semiconductor material structures]]
 
 
{{Condensedmatter-stub}}

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