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'''CT Values''' are an important part of calculating [[disinfectant]] dosage for the [[Water chlorination|chlorination]] of [[drinking water]]. A CT value is the product of the concentration of a disinfectant (e.g. free chlorine) and the contact time with the water being disinfected. It is typically expressed in units of mg-min/L.
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The goal of disinfection is the inactivation of microorganisms. This depends on: the microorganism, the disinfectant being used, the concentration of the disinfectant, the contact time, and the temperature and [[pH]] of the water.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pine|first=Rob|title=Everything You Ever Wanted  to Know About CT (and then some)|url=http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/dwb/whats_new/documents/CT.pdf|publisher=New Mexico Environment Department|accessdate=20 October 2013|coauthors=Joe Savage}}</ref>
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==Kinetics==
The disinfection kinetics are conventionally calculated via the Chick-Watson model, named for the work of [[Harriette Chick]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chick|first=Harriette|title=An Investigation of the Laws of Disinfection|journal=The Journal of Hygiene|year=1908|month=January|volume=8|issue=1|pages=92-158|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167134/pdf/jhyg00376-0104.pdf|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref> and [[Harold Watson|H.E. Watson]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Watson|first=Herbert Edmeston|title=A Note on the Variation of the Rate of Disinfection with Change in the Concentration of the Disinfectant|journal=The Journal of Hygiene|year=1908|volume=8|page=536|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167149/pdf/jhyg00379-0093.pdf|accessdate=20 October 2013}}</ref> This model is expressed by the following equation:<ref name=autogenerated2005>{{cite book|last=MWH|title=Water Treatment: Principles And Design|year=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=0471110183|edition=2}}</ref>
 
: <math> \ln(\frac{N}{N_0})=\Lambda_{CW} C^n t \!</math>
 
Where:
* <math> (\frac{N}{N_0}) \!</math>  is the survival ratio for the microorganisms being killed
* <math> \Lambda_{CW} \!</math> is the Chick-Watson coefficient of specific lethality
* <math> C \!</math> is the concentration of the disinfectant (typically in mg/L)
* <math> n \!</math> is the coefficient of dilution, frequently assumed to be 1<ref name="autogenerated2005"/>
* <math> t \!</math> is the contact time (typically in minutes or seconds)
 
The survival ratio is commonly expressed as a inactivation ratio (in %) or as the number of reductions in the order of magnitude of the microorganism concentration. For example, a situation where N<sub>0</sub>=10<sup>7</sup> [[Colony-forming unit|CFU]]/L and N=10<sup>4</sup> CFU/L would be reported as a 99.9% inactivation or "3-log<sub>10</sub>" removal.
 
In water treatment practice, tables of the product C×t are used to calculate disinfection dosages. These tables express the required CT values to achieve a desired removal of microorganisms of interest in drinking water (e.g. [[Giardia lamblia]] cysts) for a given disinfectant under constant temperature and pH conditions. A portion of such a table is reproduced below.
 
==Example CT Table==
CT Values for the Inactivation of Giardia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 5 °C and pH ≈ 7.0:<ref>{{cite book|last=Office of Drinking Water|title=Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources|year=1991|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency|url=http://www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp/guidsws.pdf|quote=Table E-2}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Chlorine Concentration (mg/L)''
! 1 log inactivation
! 2 log inactivation
! 3 log inactivation
|-
| ''0.6''
| 48
| 95
| 143
|-
| ''1.2''
| 51
| 101
| 152
|-
| ''1.8''
| 54
| 108
| 162
|-
| ''2.4''
| 57
| 115
| 172
|}
 
Full tables are much larger than this example and should be obtained from the regulatory agency for a particular jurisdiction.
 
==See also==
* [[Water chlorination|Chlorination]]
* [[Disinfectant]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
* {{cite book|last=Earth Tech, Inc.|title=Chlorine and Alternative Disinfectants Guidance Manual|year=2005|publisher=Manitoba Water Stewardship|location=Manitoba|url=http://www.gov.mb.ca/waterstewardship/odw/reg-info/approvals/odw_chlorine_and_alternative_disinfectants.pdf}}
 
[[Category:Water treatment]]
[[Category:Chlorine]]
[[Category:Public health]]

Latest revision as of 17:49, 18 July 2014

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To get a scrumptious, healthful snack, try out setting up a puree of berries, pears, or peaches. This will result in a distributed that's sweet which can be used like a pretzel dip or distribute around pita french fries. Attempt various fruits along with diverse preparing methods to ensure that you don't get sick and tired of this snack.

It's claimed that processed whole grains are far better sampling than whole grains. Using white colored flour is a lot more productive for some prepared items. Even so, grain usually have a better style that refined grains, and the great fibers content material assists in digestive system.

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At times omitting cereals out of your diet program is an excellent nutritional transfer. In past times, people have survived away from only lean meats, produce, and legumes. Within the major system of things, whole grains have not experienced living for a long time. It's likely that by reducing grain, you could feel great.

Transitioning into a diet regime full of sea food and sparing on the intake of pork, meat and poultry is usually recommended by most nutrition experts. Body fat that the fish's body shops is within the structure referred to as omega-3 greasy acidity. If you loved this short article and you would like to acquire extra data pertaining to best Heavyweight gainer kindly pay a visit to our web site. This has been demonstrated in numerous health-related research that this certain greasy acid solution can improve the heart and help in reducing the volume of triglyceride fat reserves kept in the body. It comes with an abundance of different different types of sea food to pick from every with exclusive characteristics and preference.

In the 100 gram serving you will discover 14 gr proteins gr. Quinoa may be used in so many ways as well. It can be served in stuff like a pilaf, or with brownish sugars and apples in morning meal dishes.

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Attempt to avoid foods that include unhealthy fats should you be concered about your nutrition and well being. Furthermore this make reference to meat as well as other wildlife goods additionally, it consists of meals who have organic oil inside them. Many of these natural oils actually have a lot more unhealthy fat than items produced from animals. Saturated fats can boost the amount of fat during your whole body. Goods that state they not have bad cholesterol can continue to boost your body's blood vessels bad cholesterol.

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With nutrients, stick with any diet goals. Tend not to enable your past issues impede what you hope to attain. Keep determined and make use of the things you acquired using this item to aid. You are going to start to see final results in no time.