Distance correlation

The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed in 2010 by Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative and the United Nations Development Programme and uses different factors to determine poverty beyond income-based lists. It replaced the previous Human Poverty Index.

The MPI is an index of acute multidimensional poverty. It shows the number of people who are multidimensionally poor (suffering deprivations in 33.33% of weighted indicators) and the number of deprivations with which poor households typically contend. It reflects deprivations in very rudimentary services and core human functioning for people across 104 countries. Although deeply constrained by data limitations, MPI reveals a different pattern of poverty than income poverty, as it illuminates a different set of deprivations.

Indicators

The index uses the same three dimensions as the Human Development Index: health, education, and standard of living. These are measured using ten indicators.

Dimension	Indicators
Health	Child Mortality Nutrition
Education	Years of school Children enrolled
Living Standards	Cooking fuel Toilet Water Electricity Floor Assets

Each dimension and each indicator within a dimension is equally weighted.

Calculation of the index

Formula

The MPI is calculated as follows:

$MPI=H\times A$

H: Percentage of people who are MPI poor (incidence of poverty)
A: Average intensity of MPI poverty across the poor (%)

Indicators used

The following ten indicators are used to calculate the MPI:

• Education (each indicator is weighted equally at 1/6)

1. Years of schooling: deprived if no household member has completed five years of schooling
2. Child school attendance: deprived if any school-aged child is not attending school up to class 8

• Health (each indicator is weighted equally at 1/6)

3. Child mortality: deprived if any child has died in the family
4. Nutrition: deprived if any adult or child for whom there is nutritional information is malnourished

• Standard of Living (each indicator is weighted equally at 1/18)

5. Electricity: deprived if the household has no electricity
6. Sanitation: deprived if the household’s sanitation facility is not improved (according to MDG guidelines), or it is improved but shared with other households
7. Drinking water: deprived if the household does not have access to safe drinking water (according to MDG guidelines) or safe drinking water is more than a 30-minute walk from home roundtrip
8. Floor: deprived if the household has a dirt, sand or dung floor
9. Cooking fuel: deprived if the household cooks with dung, wood or charcoal
10. Assets ownership: deprived if the household does not own more than one radio, TV, telephone, bike, motorbike or refrigerator and does not own a car or truck

A person is considered poor if they are deprived in at least 33.33% of the weighted indicators. The intensity of poverty denotes the proportion of indicators in which they are deprived.

Real example

Niger:

• MPI = 0.642
• H = 0.927
• A = 0.693

In Niger, 92.7% of the country's population is MPI poor (they are deprived in at least 33.33% of the weighted indicators, by definition). Those who are MPI poor suffer from deprivation in 69.3% of indicators, on average.

Fictional example

Country X consists of persons A, B and C. The following table shows the deprivation on each of the 10 indicators for persons A, B and C.

"0%" indicates no deprivation in that indicator, while "100%" indicates deprivation in that indicator.

Indicator	Weight	Person A	Person B	Person C
1	1/6	0%	0%	0%
2	1/6	0%	0%	0%
3	1/6	100%	100%	0%
4	1/6	0%	100%	0%
5	1/18	0%	100%	100%
6	1/18	0%	100%	100%
7	1/18	0%	0%	100%
8	1/18	100%	100%	100%
9	1/18	100%	0%	100%
10	1/18	100%	0%	0%
Weighted score		33.33%	50.00%	27.78%
Status		MPI poor	MPI poor	Not MPI poor

Factor H for country X is:

${\frac {1+1+0}{3}}=0.667$

Factor A for country X is:

${\frac {33.33\%+50.00\%}{2}}=0.417$

Thus, the MPI for country X is:

$0.667\times 0.417=0.278$

MPI in some developing countries

Country	MPI	% of People who are MPI Poor	Average Intensity of MPI Poverty	Number of MPI Poor People (thousands)	Year	% of People who are Income Poor ($1.25/day)	% of People who are Income Poor ($2.00/day)	Year
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.005	1.4	37.7	45	2009	0.6	4.3	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.452	77.4	58.4	11,136	2001	54.3	70.2	2000
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.011	3.0	37.7	1,160	2005	0.9	2.4	2009
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.004	1.1	36.2	34	2005	1.3	12.4	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.021	5.3	39.4	461	2006	1.0	7.8	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.292	57.8	50.4	83,207	2007	49.6	81.3	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.000	0.0	35.1	0	2005	0.1	0.2	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.024	5.6	42.6	16	2006	12.4	24.5	1999
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.412	71.8	57.4	5,652	2006	47.3	75.3	2003
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.119	27.2	43.9	197	2010	26.2	49.5	2003
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.089	20.5	43.7	1,972	2008	13.6	25.1	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.003	0.8	37.2	30	2006	0.0	0.2	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.011	2.7	39.3	5,075	2006	3.8	9.9	2009
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.536	82.6	64.9	12,078	2006	56.5	81.2	2003
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.530	84.5	62.7	6,127	2005	81.3	93.5	2006
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.251	52.0	48.4	6,946	2005	28.3	56.5	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.287	53.3	53.9	9,149	2004	9.6	30.4	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.512	86.4	59.3	3,199	2000	62.8	80.1	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.344	62.9	54.7	5,758	2003	61.9	83.3	2003
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.056	12.5	44.9	161,675	2003	15.9	36.3	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.022	5.4	40.9	2,500	2010	16.0	27.9	2006
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.408	73.9	55.2	415	2000	46.1	65.0	2004
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.353	61.5	57.4	11,083	2005	23.8	46.3	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.016	4.4	36.3	196	2003	0.1	0.1	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.010	3.1	33.4	316	2003	0.1	0.2	1996
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.139	29.3	47.3	241	2006	18.8	41.2	2002
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.018	4.6	39.4	438	2007	4.3	13.6	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.393	73.2	53.7	44,485	2007	59.2	79.6	2006
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.009	2.2	41.6	286	2003	4.4	13.6	2009
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.024	6.0	40.7	4,699	2008	2.0	18.5	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.026	7.2	36.5	97	2003	0.5	1.5	2004
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.562	88.6	63.5	65,798	2005	39.0	77.6	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.161	35.4	45.5	437	2000	4.8	19.6	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.324	60.4	53.6	934	2006	34.3	56.7	2003
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.003	0.8	35.2	36	2005	15.3	32.2	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.144	31.2	46.2	7,258	2008	30.0	53.6	2006
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.127	25.9	49.1	3,134	2003	11.7	24.3	2006
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.506	82.5	61.3	7,459	2005	43.3	69.6	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.053	13.4	39.5	100	2005	8.7	18.0	1998
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.299	56.4	53.0	5,346	2006	54.9	72.2	2001
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.159	32.5	48.9	2,281	2006	23.3	35.4	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.016	4.6	34.3	466	2003	0.2	0.4	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.283	53.7	52.7	612,203	2005	41.6	75.6	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.095	20.8	45.9	48,352	2007	18.7	50.6	2009
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.059	14.2	41.3	3,996	2006	4.0	25.3	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.008	2.4	34.4	145	2009	0.4	3.5	2006
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.002	0.6	36.9	92	2006	0.2	1.5	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.229	47.8	48.0	18,863	2009	19.7	39.9	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.019	4.9	38.8	249	2006	1.9	29.4	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.267	47.2	56.5	2,757	2006	33.9	66.0	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.006	1.6	37.9	37	2003	0.3	1.0	2004
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.156	35.3	44.1	759	2009	43.4	62.3	2003
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.485	83.9	57.7	2,917	2007	83.7	94.8	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.008	1.9	40.9	39	2005	0.3	4.3	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.357	66.9	53.3	13,463	2009	67.8	89.6	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.381	72.1	52.8	8,993	2004	73.9	90.5	2004
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.018	5.2	35.6	16	2009	1.5	12.2	2004
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.558	86.6	64.4	11,772	2006	51.4	77.1	2006
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.352	61.7	57.1	1,982	2007	21.2	44.1	2000
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.015	4.0	38.9	4,313	2006	1.8	8.6	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.007	1.9	36.7	72	2005	1.9	12.5	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.065	15.8	41.0	402	2005	22.4	49.1	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.006	1.5	41.6	9	2005	0.1	0.2	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.048	10.6	45.3	3,287	2007	2.5	14.0	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.512	79.3	64.6	18,127	2009	59.6	81.8	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.154	31.8	48.3	14,297	2000
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.187	39.6	47.2	855	2007	49.1	62.2	1993
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.350	64.7	54.0	18,009	2006	24.82	57.25	2010
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.128	28.0	45.7	1,538	2006	15.8	31.9	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.642	92.4	69.4	12,437	2006	43.1	75.9	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.310	54.1	57.3	81,510	2008	64.4	83.9	2004
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.005	1.4	37.3	52	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.264	49.4	53.4	81,236	2007	22.6	61.0	2006
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.064	13.3	48.5	755	2003	5.1	13.2	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.086	19.9	43.2	5,421	2004	5.9	14.7	2009
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.064	13.4	47.4	12,083	2008	22.6	45.0	2006
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.208	40.6	51.2	1,600	2009	54.1	74.4	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.005	1.3	38.9	1,883	2003	0.0	0.1	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.426	80.2	53.2	7,380	2005	76.8	89.6	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.154	34.5	44.7	56	2009	29.7	55.9	2001
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.384	66.9	57.4	7,273	2005	33.5	60.4	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.003	0.8	40.0	79	2005	0.1	0.7	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.439	77.0	57.0	4,321	2008	53.4	76.1	2003
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.000	0.0	0.0	0	2003	0.3	1.4	1996
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.514	81.2	63.3	6,940	2006
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.057	13.4	42.3	6,609	2008	17.4	35.7	2006
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.021	5.3	38.7	1,027	2003	7.0	29.1	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.039	8.2	47.2	41	2006	15.5	27.2	1999
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.184	41.4	44.5	469	2007	62.9	81.0	2001
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.021	5.5	37.5	1,041	2006	1.7	16.9	2004
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.068	17.1	40.0	1,103	2005	21.5	50.9	2004
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.367	65.2	56.3	27,559	2008	67.9	87.9	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.006	1.6	38.5	1,067	2005	0.4	11.5	2004
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.360	68.1	52.9	749	2009	37.4	72.8	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.284	54.3	52.4	3,003	2006	38.7	69.3	2006
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.020	5.6	35.1	74	2006	4.2	13.5	1992
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.010	2.8	37.1	272	2003	2.6	12.8	2000
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.028	6.6	42.0	4,378	2003	2.7	9.1	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.367	72.3	50.7	21,235	2006	37.7	64.5	2009
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.008	2.2	35.5	1,018	2007	0.0	0.1	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.002	0.6	35.3	20	2003
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.006	1.7	34.7	56	2003	0.0	0.2	2009
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.008	2.3	36.2	603	2006	46.3	76.7	2003
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.129	30.1	42.7	67	2007
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.084	17.7	47.2	14,249	2002	13.1	38.5	2008
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.283	52.5	53.9	11,176	2006	17.5	46.6	2005
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.328	64.2	51.2	7,739	2007	64.3	81.5	2004
Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review	0.180	39.7	45.3	4,974	2006

Source: Alkire, S. Roche, JM. Santos, ME. and Seth, S (November 2011) http://ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk . Multidimensional Poverty Index: 2011 Data. Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative. Available at: www.ophi.org.uk/policy/multidimensional-poverty-index/.

See also

• Human Development Index

References

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