Dual curve

The term quantum defect is ambiguous. Various meanings are discussed below. Characteristic is that the defect deals with the loss on the smallest energy scale of light: that of the quantum.

Quantum defect in laser science

In laser science, the term quantum defect refers to the fact that the energy of a pump photon is generally higher than that of a signal photon (photon of the output radiation). The difference of energies goes to the heat; this heat may carry away the excess of entropy delivered with the multimode uncoherent pump.

The quantum defect of a laser can be defined as part of the energy of the pumping photon, which is lost (not turned into photons at the lasing wavelength) in the gain medium at the lasing.^[1] At given frequency $~\omega _{\rm {p}}~$ of pump and given frequency $~\omega _{\rm {s}}~$ of lasing, the quantum defect $~q=\hbar \omega _{\rm {p}}-\hbar \omega _{\rm {s}}~$ . Such quantum defect has dimension of energy; for the efficient operation, the temperature of the gain medium (measured in units of energy) should be small compared to the quantum defect.

At a fixed pump frequency, the higher the quantum defect, the lower is the upper bound for the power efficiency.

Quantum defect in Rydberg atoms

The quantum defect of a Rydberg atom refers to a correction applied to the equations governing Rydberg atom behavior to take into account the fact that the inner electrons do not entirely screen their associated charge in the nucleus.^[2] It is used particularly for the alkalis that contain a single electron in their outer shell.

The perfect 1/r potential in the hydrogen atom leads to an electron binding energy given by

E_{\text{B}}=-{\dfrac {Rhc}{n^{2}}}

,

where R is the Rydberg constant, h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light and n is the principal quantum number.

For multi-electron atoms in Rydberg states with a low value of the orbital angular momentum, there is a high probability of finding the excited electron near the nucleus where it can polarize or even penetrate the ion core, modifying the potential. The resulting shift of the energy levels is represented mathematically as an angular momentum dependent quantum defect, δ_l:

E_{\text{B}}=-{\dfrac {Rhc}{(n-\delta _{l})^{2}}}

.

The largest shifts occur when the orbital angular momentum is equal to 0 (normally labelled 's') and these are shown in the table for the alkali metals:^[3]

Element	Configuration	n*	δ_s
Li	2s	1.59	0.41
Na	3s	1.63	1.37
K	4s	1.77	2.23
Rb	5s	1.81	3.19
Cs	6s	1.87	4.13

References

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A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ http://www.phy.davidson.edu/StuHome/joesten/IntLab/final/rydberg.htm , Rydberg Atoms and the Quantum Defect at the site of Davidson College, Physics department
↑ C.J.Foot, Atomic Physics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850695-9

Template:Quantum-stub

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Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[2] ttp://www.phy.davidson.edu/StuHome/joesten/IntLab/final/rydberg.htm , Rydberg Atoms and the Quantum Defect at the site of Davidson College, Physics department

[3] C.J.Foot, Atomic Physics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850695-9

[1]

[2]

[3]

Dual curve

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Quantum defect in laser science

Quantum defect in Rydberg atoms

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References

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Dual curve

Quantum defect in laser science

Quantum defect in Rydberg atoms

See also

References

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