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| [[File:VFPt charges plus minus thumb.svg|thumb|right|300px|[[Electric field]] of a positive and a negative point charge.]]
| | 3) Bioperine enhances the body's natural thermogenic activity. The traditional that assist your body to burn calories. If you cherished this short article and also you desire to obtain more information relating to [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjHbSkT9nS4&feature=youtu.be slim garcinia reviews] generously visit the website. Specifically, Bioperine binds to fatty acids, shuttling them off and away to be burned for [http://Thesaurus.com/browse/electrical+energy electrical energy]. In other words, assist you burn more dietary fat!<br><br>Take note, instead of losing slim garcinia reviews weight, you should focus on losing fat to ensure a permanent weight failure. Losing weight will include water, muscles and extra fat. However, the reduction in lean muscle mass can pull down the metabolic rate hence is the muscles that you should maintain. Much more muscles within your body, undertake it ! still excess weight even far more calorie consumption as the muscles will feed on calories. You are able to lift weight or drink up more protein to prevent your muscles to reduce.<br><br>The other [http://newagegarcinias.com/ New Age Garcinia] Cambogia benefit is the factthat the anti-oxidants in this particular product help to shrink body fat cells you have got stored throughout your framework. Whether you have a big belly or additional "junk ultimately trunk", this can help you to get rid of it immediately. The estimated number of pounds that may refine lose this particular particular diet extract is ten pounds per month, and is if it's not necessary to change this at nearly all. The fact that this helps you burn fat as an energy source includes that somebody less fortunate more energy, too.<br><br>"How then will I burn my Fat?" you would possibly ask. Let Slim Patch (also in order to as weight loss patch, diet patch or size zero patch) a person out. Among various fat reduction supplements that constitute the marketplace, this weight-loss patch generally seems to deliver maximum ingredients in the blood brook.<br><br>Mega-T Green teas Diet also slim garcinia review contains chromium. Chromium in Mega-T Green Tea [https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/Diet+helps Diet helps] in avoiding fat reminiscence. This ingredient of Mega-T Green tea Diet also increases your metabolic rates by increasing the rate that fat is burned. Therefore, with Mega-T Green Tea Diet, an individual might be in for some mega fat-burning!<br><br>Brand A costs $25. If Brand A capabilities recommended dosage of two- 400mg capsules taken each day and Brand A contains 1 bottle of 60 capsules, then Brand A contains a 15 day supply.<br><br>Two 8-week clinical trials were conducted where one group was presented with a placebo and the opposite was given Acai berry weight loss pills. The acai supplement produced between ten.54 and 14.99 pounds of weight deficit.<br><br>I'm truly scientist and just have not been drinking the drink long enough to determine whether the claims are true, but I will say that the Fuze Slenderize- Cranberry,Raspberry tastes good that a sensible choice when my personal FuzeBlack and Green Tea is not available. |
| {{Electromagnetism|cTopic=Electrostatics}}
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| {{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
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| '''Electric charge''' is the [[physical property]] of [[matter]] that causes it to experience a [[force]] when close to other electrically charged matter. There are two types of electric charges – [[proton|positive]] and [[electron|negative]]. Positively charged substances are repelled from other positively charged substances, but attracted to negatively charged substances; negatively charged substances are repelled from negative and attracted to positive. An object will be negatively charged if it has an excess of [[electron]]s, and will otherwise be positively charged or uncharged. The [[Systeme International|SI]] derived unit of electric charge is the [[coulomb]] (C), although in electrical engineering it is also common to use the [[ampere-hour]] (Ah), and in chemistry it is common to use the [[elementary charge]] (''e'') as a unit. The symbol ''Q'' is often used to denote a charge. The study of how charged substances interact is [[classical electrodynamics]], which is accurate insofar as [[quantum mechanics|quantum effects]] can be ignored.
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| The ''electric charge'' is a fundamental [[Conservation law|conserved property]] of some [[subatomic particle]]s, which determines their [[electromagnetic interaction]]. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, [[electromagnetic field]]s. The interaction between a moving charge and an electromagnetic field is the source of the [[electromagnetic force]], which is one of the four [[fundamental interaction|fundamental forces]] (See also: [[magnetic field]]).
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| Twentieth-century [[Oil-drop experiment|experiments]] demonstrated that electric charge is ''[[charge quantization|quantized]]''; that is, it comes in integer multiples of individual small units called the [[elementary charge]], ''e'', approximately equal to {{val|1.602|e=-19|u=[[coulomb]]s}} (except for particles called [[quark]]s, which have charges that are integer multiples of ''e/3''). The [[proton]] has a charge of ''e'', and the [[electron]] has a charge of −''e''. The study of charged particles, and how their interactions are mediated by [[photons]], is [[quantum electrodynamics]].
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| == Overview == | |
| [[File:Electric field point lines equipotentials.svg|thumb|left|250px|Diagram showing field lines and [[equipotential]]s around an [[electron]], a negatively charged particle. In an electrically neutral [[atom]], the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons (which are positively charged), resulting in a net zero overall charge]]
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| Charge is the fundamental property of forms of matter that exhibit [[electrostatic]] attraction or repulsion in the presence of other matter.
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| Electric charge is a characteristic property of many [[charged particle|subatomic particles]]. The charges of free-standing particles are integer multiples of the [[elementary charge]] ''e''; we say that electric charge is ''quantized''. [[Michael Faraday]], in his [[electrolysis]] experiments, was the first to note the discrete nature of electric charge. [[Robert Millikan]]'s [[oil-drop experiment]] demonstrated this fact directly, and measured the elementary charge.
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| By convention, the charge of an [[electron]] is −1, while that of a [[proton]] is +1. Charged particles whose charges have the same sign repel one another, and particles whose charges have different signs attract. [[Coulomb's law]] quantifies the electrostatic [[force]] between two particles by asserting that the force is proportional to the product of their charges, and [[inverse square|inversely proportional to the square]] of the distance between them.
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| The charge of an [[antiparticle]] equals that of the corresponding particle, but with opposite sign. [[Quark]]s have fractional charges of either −{{frac|1|3}} or +{{frac|2|3}}, but free-standing quarks have never been observed (the theoretical reason for this fact is [[asymptotic freedom]]).
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| The electric charge of a [[macroscopic]] object is the sum of the electric charges of the particles that make it up. This charge is often small, because matter is made of [[atom]]s, and atoms typically have equal numbers of [[proton]]s and [[electron]]s, in which case their charges cancel out, yielding a net charge of zero, thus making the atom neutral.
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| An ''[[ion]]'' is an atom (or group of atoms) that has lost one or more electrons, giving it a net positive charge (cation), or that has gained one or more electrons, giving it a net negative charge (anion). ''Monatomic ions'' are formed from single atoms, while ''polyatomic ions'' are formed from two or more atoms that have been bonded together, in each case yielding an ion with a positive or negative net charge.
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| {{multiple image
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| | align = right
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| | image1 = VFPt plus thumb.svg
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| | alt1 = [[Electric field]] induced by a positive electric charge
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| | width1 = 200
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| | image2 = VFPt minus thumb.svg
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| | alt2 = Electric field induced by a negative electric charge
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| | width2 = 200
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| | footer = Electric field induced by a positive electric charge (left) and a field induced by a negative electric charge (right).}}
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| During the formation of macroscopic objects, usually the constituent atoms and ions will combine in such a manner that they form structures composed of neutral ''ionic compounds'' electrically bound to neutral atoms. Thus macroscopic objects tend toward being neutral overall, but macroscopic objects are rarely perfectly net neutral.
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| There are times when macroscopic objects contain ions distributed throughout the material, rigidly bound in place, giving an overall net positive or negative charge to the object. Also, macroscopic objects made of conductive elements, can more or less easily (depending on the element) take on or give off electrons, and then maintain a net negative or positive charge indefinitely. When the net electric charge of an object is non-zero and motionless, the phenomenon is known as [[static electricity]]. This can easily be produced by rubbing two dissimilar materials together, such as rubbing [[amber]] with [[fur]] or [[glass]] with [[silk]]. In this way non-conductive materials can be charged to a significant degree, either positively or negatively. Charge taken from one material is moved to the other material, leaving an opposite charge of the same magnitude behind. The law of ''[[conservation of charge]]'' always applies, giving the object from which a negative charge has been taken a positive charge of the same magnitude, and vice-versa.
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| Even when an object's net charge is zero, charge can be distributed non-uniformly in the object (e.g., due to an external [[electromagnetic field]], or bound polar molecules). In such cases the object is said to be [[Polarization density|polarized]]. The charge due to polarization is known as [[bound charge]], while charge on an object produced by electrons gained or lost from outside the object is called ''free charge''. The motion of electrons in conductive [[metal]]s in a specific direction is known as [[electric current]].
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| == Units ==
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| The [[International System of Units|SI]] unit of [[quantity of electricity|quantity of electric charge]] is the [[coulomb]], which is equivalent to about {{val|6.242|e=18|u=''[[elementary charge|e]]''}} (''e'' is the charge of a proton). Hence, the charge of an electron is approximately {{val|-1.602|e=-19|u=C}}. The coulomb is defined as the quantity of charge that has passed through the [[cross section (geometry)|cross section]] of an [[electrical conductor]] carrying one [[ampere]] within one [[second]]. The symbol ''Q'' is often used to denote a quantity of electricity or charge. The quantity of electric charge can be directly measured with an [[electrometer]], or indirectly measured with a [[galvanometer|ballistic galvanometer]].
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| After finding the [[charge quantization|quantized]] character of charge, in 1891 [[George Johnstone Stoney|George Stoney]] proposed the unit 'electron' for this fundamental unit of electrical charge. This was before the discovery of the particle by [[J. J. Thomson|J.J. Thomson]] in 1897. The unit is today treated as nameless, referred to as "elementary charge", "fundamental unit of charge", or simply as "e". A measure of charge should be a multiple of the elementary charge ''e'', even if at [[macroscopic scale|large scales]], charge seems to behave as a [[real number|real quantity]]. In some contexts it is meaningful to speak of fractions of a charge; for example in the charging of a [[capacitor]], or in the [[fractional quantum Hall effect]].
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| == History ==
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| [[File:Bcoulomb.png|thumb|Coulomb's [[Torsion balance#Torsion balance|torsion balance]]]]
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| As reported by the ancient Greek philosopher [[Thales of Miletus]] around 600 BC, charge (or ''electricity'') could be accumulated by rubbing [[fur]] on various substances, such as [[amber]]. The Greeks noted that the charged amber buttons could attract light objects such as [[hair]]. They also noted that if they rubbed the amber for long enough, they could even get an [[electric spark]] to jump. This property derives from the [[triboelectric effect]].
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| In 1600, the English scientist [[William Gilbert (astronomer)|William Gilbert]] returned to the subject in ''De Magnete'', and coined the [[New Latin]] word ''electricus'' from ''ηλεκτρον'' (''elektron''), the Greek word for "amber", which soon gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity." He was followed in 1660 by [[Otto von Guericke]], who invented what was probably the first [[electrostatic generator]]. Other European pioneers were [[Robert Boyle]], who in 1675 stated that electric attraction and repulsion can act across a [[vacuum]]; [[Stephen Gray (scientist)|Stephen Gray]], who in 1729 classified materials as [[electrical conductor|conductors]] and [[electrical insulation|insulators]]; and [[C. F. du Fay]], who proposed in 1733<ref>[http://www.sparkmuseum.com/BOOK_DUFAY.HTM Two Kinds of Electrical Fluid: Vitreous and Resinous – 1733]</ref> that electricity comes in two varieties that cancel each other, and expressed this in terms of a two-fluid theory. When [[glass]] was rubbed with [[silk]], du Fay said that the glass was charged with ''[[Glass|vitreous]] electricity'', and, when amber was rubbed with fur, the amber was said to be charged with ''resinous electricity''. In 1839, [[Michael Faraday]] showed that the apparent division between [[static electricity]], [[electric current|current electricity]], and [[bioelectricity]] was incorrect, and all were a consequence of the behavior of a single kind of [[electricity]] appearing in opposite [[electrical polarity|polarities]]. It is arbitrary which polarity is called positive and which is called negative. Positive charge can be defined as the charge left on a glass rod after being rubbed with silk.<ref>Electromagnetic Fields (2nd Edition), Roald K. Wangsness, Wiley, 1986. ISBN 0-471-81186-6 (intermediate level textbook)</ref>
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| One of the foremost experts on electricity in the 18th century was [[Benjamin Franklin]], who argued in favour of a one-[[fluid theory of electricity]]. Franklin imagined electricity as being a type of invisible fluid present in all matter; for example, he believed that it was the [[glass]] in a [[Leyden jar]] that held the accumulated charge. He posited that rubbing insulating surfaces together caused this fluid to change location, and that a flow of this fluid constitutes an electric current. He also posited that when matter contained too little of the fluid it was "negatively" charged, and when it had an excess it was "positively" charged. For a reason that was not recorded, he identified the term "positive" with vitreous electricity and "negative" with resinous electricity. [[William Watson (scientist)|William Watson]] arrived at the same explanation at about the same time.
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| == Static electricity and electric current ==
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| [[Static electricity]] and [[electric current]] are two separate phenomena, both involving electric charge, and may occur simultaneously in the same object. Static electricity is a reference to the electric charge of an object and the related [[electrostatic discharge]] when two objects are brought together that are not at equilibrium. An electrostatic discharge creates a change in the charge of each of the two objects. In contrast, electric current is the flow of electric charge through an object, which produces no net loss or gain of electric charge.
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| === Electrification by friction ===
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| {{further|triboelectric effect}}
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| Let a piece of glass and a piece of resin, neither of which exhibiting any electrical properties, be rubbed together and left with the rubbed surfaces in contact. They will still exhibit no electrical properties. Let them be separated. They will now attract each other.
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| If a second piece of glass be rubbed with a second piece of resin, and if the piece be then separated and suspended in the neighbourhood of the former pieces of glass and resin, it may be observed:
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| # that the two pieces of glass repel each other.
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| # that each piece of glass attracts each piece of resin.
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| # that the two pieces of resin repel each other.
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| These phenomena of attraction and repulsion are called electrical phenomena, and the bodies that exhibit them are said to be 'electrified', or to be 'charged with electricity'.
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| Bodies may be electrified in many other ways, as well as by friction.
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| The electrical properties of the two pieces of glass are similar to each other but opposite to those of the two pieces of resin: The glass attracts what the resin repels and repels what the resin attracts.
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| If a body electrified in any manner whatsoever behaves as the glass does, that is, if it repels the glass and attracts the resin, the body is said to be 'vitreously' electrified, and if it attracts the glass and repels the resin it is said to be 'resinously' electrified. All electrified bodies are found to be either vitreously or resinously electrified.
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| It is the established convention of the scientific community to define the vitreous electrification as positive, and the resinous electrification as negative. The exactly opposite properties of the two kinds of electrification justify our indicating them by opposite signs, but the application of the positive sign to one rather than to the other kind must be considered as a matter of arbitrary convention, just as it is a matter of convention in [[mathematical diagram]] to reckon positive distances towards the right hand.
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| No force, either of attraction or of repulsion, can be observed between an electrified body and a body not electrified.<ref>[[James Clerk Maxwell]] ''A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism'', pp. 32-33, Dover Publications Inc., 1954 ASIN: B000HFDK0K, 3rd ed. of 1891</ref>
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| Actually, all bodies are electrified, but may appear not to be so by the relative similar charge of neighboring objects in the environment. An object further electrified + or – creates an equivalent or opposite charge by default in neighboring objects, until those charges can equalize. The effects of attraction can be observed in high-voltage experiments, while lower voltage effects are merely weaker and therefore less obvious. The attraction and repulsion forces are codified by [[Coulomb's Law]] (attraction falls off at the square of the distance, which has a corollary for acceleration in a gravitational field, suggesting that gravitation may be merely electrostatic phenomenon between relatively weak charges in terms of scale). See also the [[Casimir effect]].
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| We now know that the Franklin/Watson model was fundamentally correct. There is only one kind of electrical charge, and only one variable is required to keep track of the amount of charge.<ref name="one-kind">[http://www.av8n.com/physics/one-kind-of-charge.htm One Kind of Charge]</ref> On the other hand, just knowing the charge is not a complete description of the situation. Matter is composed of several kinds of electrically charged particles, and these particles have many properties, not just charge.
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| The most common charge carriers are the positively charged [[proton]] and the negatively charged [[electron]]. The movement of any of these charged particles constitutes an electric current. In many situations, it suffices to speak of the ''[[conventional current]]'' without regard to whether it is carried by positive charges moving in the direction of the conventional current and/or by negative charges moving in the opposite direction. This macroscopic viewpoint is an approximation that simplifies electromagnetic concepts and calculations.
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| At the opposite extreme, if one looks at the microscopic situation, one sees there are many ways of carrying an [[electric current]], including: a flow of electrons; a flow of electron "[[Electron hole|holes]]" that act like positive particles; and both negative and positive particles ([[ion]]s or other charged particles) flowing in opposite directions in an [[electrolyte|electrolytic]] [[solution]] or a [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]].
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| Beware that, in the common and important case of metallic wires, the direction of the conventional current is opposite to the [[drift velocity]] of the actual charge carriers, i.e., the electrons. This is a source of confusion for beginners.
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| == Properties ==
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| {{Flavour quantum numbers}}
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| Aside from the properties described in articles about [[electromagnetism]], charge is a [[theory of relativity|relativistic]] [[Charge invariance|invariant]]. This means that any particle that has charge ''Q'', no matter how fast it goes, always has charge ''Q''. This property has been experimentally verified by showing that the charge of ''one'' [[helium]] [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]] (two [[proton]]s and two [[neutron]]s bound together in a nucleus and moving around at high speeds) is the same as ''two'' [[deuterium]] nuclei (one proton and one neutron bound together, but moving much more slowly than they would if they were in a helium nucleus).{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}
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| == Conservation of electric charge ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Conservation law]] -->
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| {{Main|Charge conservation}}
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| The total electric charge of an [[isolated system]] remains constant regardless of changes within the system itself. This law is inherent to all processes known to physics and can be derived in a local form from [[gauge invariance]] of the [[wave function]]. The conservation of charge results in the charge-current [[continuity equation]]. More generally, the net change in [[charge density]] ''ρ'' within a volume of integration ''V'' is equal to the area integral over the [[current density]] '''J''' through the closed surface ''S'' = ∂''V'', which is in turn equal to the net [[Electric current|current]] ''I'': | |
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| :{{oiint|preintegral=<math>- \frac{d}{dt} \int_V \rho \, \mathrm{d}V = </math>|intsubscpt=<math>\scriptstyle \partial V</math>|integrand=<math>\mathbf J \cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf S = \int J dS \cos\theta = I.</math>}}
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| Thus, the conservation of electric charge, as expressed by the continuity equation, gives the result:
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| :<math>I = \frac{dQ}{dt}.</math>
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| The charge transferred between times <math>t_i</math> and <math>t_f</math> is obtained by integrating both sides:
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| :<math>Q = \int_{t_{\mathrm{i}}}^{t_{\mathrm{f}}} I\, \mathrm{d}t </math>
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| where ''I'' is the net outward current through a closed surface and ''Q'' is the electric charge contained within the volume defined by the surface.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Quantity of electricity]]
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| * [[SI electromagnetism units]]
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.ce-mag.com/archive/2000/marapril/mrstatic.html How fast does a charge decay?]
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| * [http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/physics/electricity/charge.html Science Aid: Electrostatic charge] Easy-to-understand page on electrostatic charge.
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| * [http://seaus.free.fr/spip.php?article964 History of the electrical units.]
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| [[Category:Electrostatics|*]]
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| [[Category:Electricity]]
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| [[Category:Physical quantities]]
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| [[Category:Chemical properties]]
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| [[Category:Conservation laws]]
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| [[Category:Electromagnetism]]
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| [[Category:Particle physics flavour quantum number]]
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| [[Category:Spintronics]]
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| [[Category:Electric charge| ]]
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| {{Link GA|es}}
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| {{Link GA|de}}
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