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| {{DISPLAYTITLE:''F''-coalgebra}}
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| In [[mathematics]], specifically in [[category theory]], an '''<math>F</math>-coalgebra''' is a structure defined according to a [[functor]] <math>F</math>. For both algebra and coalgebra, a functor is a convenient and general way of organizing a signature. This has applications in [[computer science]]: examples of coalgebras include [[Lazy evaluation|lazy]], [[Recursion_(computer_science)#Recursive_data_structures_.28structural_recursion.29|infinite]] [[data structure]]s, such as [[Stream (computing)|streams]], and also [[State transition system|transition systems]].
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| <math>F</math>-coalgebras are dual to [[F-algebra|<math>F</math>-algebra]]s. Just as the class of all [[algebraic structure|algebras]] for a given signature and equational theory form a [[Variety (universal algebra)|variety]], so does the class of all <math>F</math>-coalgebras satisfying a given equational theory form a covariety, where the signature is given by <math>F</math>.
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| ==Definition==
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| An '''<math>F</math>-coalgebra''' for an [[endofunctor]]
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| :<math>F : \mathcal{C}\longrightarrow \mathcal{C}</math>
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| is an object <math>A</math> of <math>\mathcal{C}</math> together with a <math>\mathcal{C}</math>-[[morphism]]
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| :<math>\alpha : A \longrightarrow FA</math>.
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| An <math>F</math>-coalgebra [[homomorphism]] from <math>\alpha</math> to another <math>F</math>-coalgebra
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| <math>\beta : B \longrightarrow FB</math> is a morphism
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| :<math>f:A\longrightarrow B</math>
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| in <math>\mathcal{C}</math> such that
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| :<math> Ff\circ \alpha = \beta \circ f</math>.
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| Thus the <math>F</math>-coalgebras for a given functor ''F'' constitute a category.
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| == Examples ==
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| Consider the functor <math>F: \mathbf{Set} \longrightarrow \mathbf{Set}</math> that sends <math>X</math> to <math>X\times A+1</math>, <math>F</math>-coalgebras <math>\alpha : X \longrightarrow X\times A+1 = FX</math> are then [[finite set|finite]] or [[Infinity|infinite]] [[stream (computing)|stream]]s over the [[alphabet (computer science)|alphabet]] <math>A</math>, where <math>X</math> is the set of states and <math>\alpha</math> is the state-transition function. Applying the state-transition function to a state may yield two possible results: either an element of <math>A</math> together with the next state of the stream, or the element of the singleton set 1 as a separate "final state" indicating that there are no more values in the stream.
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| In many practical applications, the state-transition function of such a coalgebraic object may be of the form <math>X \rarr f_1 \times f_2 \times \ldots \times f_n</math>, which readily factorizes into a collection of "selectors", "observers", "methods" <math>X \rarr f_1, \, X \rarr f_2 \, \ldots \, X \rarr f_n</math>. Special cases of practical interest include observers yielding attribute values, and mutator methods of the form <math>X \rarr X^{A_1 \times \ldots \times A_n}</math> taking additional parameters and yielding states. This decomposition is dual to the decomposition of initial <math>F</math>-algebras into sums of 'constructors'.
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| Let ''P'' be the [[power set]] construction on the category of sets, considered as a covariant functor. The ''P''-coalgebras are in bijective correspondence with sets with a binary relation.
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| Now fix another set, ''A'': coalgebras for the endofunctor ''P''(''A''×(-)) are in bijective correspondence with [[labelled transition system]]s.
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| Homomorphisms between coalgebras correspond to functional [[bisimulation]]s between labelled transition systems.
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| == Applications ==
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| In [[computer science]], coalgebra has emerged as a convenient and suitably general way of specifying the [[Reactive_programming|reactive]] behaviour of systems, including classes in [[object-oriented programming]]. While [[algebraic specification]] deals with functional behaviour, typically using inductive datatypes generated by constructors, coalgebraic specification is concerned with reactive behaviour modelled by coinductive process types that are observable by selectors, much in the spirit of [[automata theory]]. An important role is played here by [[final object|final]] coalgebras, which are complete sets of possibly infinite behaviours, such as streams. The natural logic to express properties of such systems is coalgebraic [[modal logic]].
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| == References ==
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| * [http://www.cs.ru.nl/B.Jacobs/PAPERS/JR.pdf B. Jacobs and J. Rutten, A Tutorial on (Co)Algebras and (Co)Induction. EATCS Bulletin 62, 1997, p.222-259].
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| * [http://www.cwi.nl/~janr/papers/files-of-papers/universal_coalgebra.pdf Jan J. M. M. Rutten: Universal coalgebra: a theory of systems. Theor. Comput. Sci. 249(1): 3-80 (2000)].
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| * [http://www.tac.mta.ca/tac/volumes/14/8/14-08abs.html J. Adámek, Introduction to coalgebra. Theory and Applications of Categories 14 (2005), 157-199]
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| * [http://www.cs.ru.nl/B.Jacobs/CLG/JacobsCoalgebraIntro.pdf B. Jacobs, Introduction to Coalgebra. Towards Mathematics of States and Observations] (book draft)
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| * [http://staff.science.uva.nl/~yde/papers/afc.pdf Yde Venema: Automata and Fixed Point Logics: a Coalgebraic Perspective. Information and Computation, 204 (2006) 637-678].
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://calco09.dimi.uniud.it/ CALCO 2009: Conference on Algebra and Coalgebra in Computer Science]
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| * [http://calco2011.ecs.soton.ac.uk/ CALCO 2011]
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Coalgebra]]
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| [[Category:Category theory]]
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| [[Category:Coalgebras]]
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