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Many materials have a well-characterized [[refractive index]], but these indices depend strongly upon the [[frequency]] of light.  Standard refractive index measurements are taken at yellow doublet [[Fraunhofer lines|sodium D line]], with a [[wavelength]] of 589 [[nanometre]]s.


There are also weaker dependencies on [[temperature]], [[pressure]]/[[stress (physics)|stress]], et cetera, as well on precise material compositions (presence of [[dopant]]s et cetera); for many materials and typical conditions, however, these variations are at the percent level or less.  Thus, it is especially important to cite the source for an index measurement if precision is required.


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In general, an index of refraction is a [[complex number]] with both a real and imaginary part, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength&mdash;thus, the imaginary part is sometimes called the [[refractive index#Dispersion|extinction coefficient]] <math>k</math>.  Such losses become particularly significant, for example, in metals at short (e.g. visible) wavelengths, and must be included in any description of the [[refractive index]].
 
[[Image:RefractionReflextion.svg|thumb|center|650px|Refraction, critical angle and total internal reflection of light at the interface between two media.]]
 
== List ==
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ '''Some representative refractive indices'''
|- align=center
!Material||λ (nm)||''n''||Ref.
|-
|[[Vacuum]]|| || 1 (by definition) ||
|-
|[[Atmosphere of Earth|Air]] at [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|STP]]|| ||1.000277||
|-
! colspan="4" |Gases at 0 °C and 1 atm
|-
|[[Earth's atmosphere|Air]]||589.29||1.000293||<ref name="ref1">{{cite book
  | first = Alfred Zajac
  | coauthors = Hecht, Eugene; Cummings, Eugene
  | title = Optics, Fourth Edition
  | publisher = Pearson Higher Education
  | date = 18 March 2003
  | isbn = 978-0-321-18878-6}}</ref>
|-
|[[Carbon dioxide]]||589.29||1.00045||<ref name="ref4">{{cite book
  | first = Morgan
  | title = Introduction to Geometrical and Physical Optics
  | publisher = McGraw-Hill Book Company, INC.
  | year = 1953}}</ref>  
<ref name="ref3">{{cite book
  | first = Hodgman
  | coauthors = Selby, Weast
  | title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
  | publisher = Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
  | year = 1957}}</ref>
<ref name="ref5">{{cite book
  | first = Pedrotti
  | coauthors = Pedrotti, Pedrotti  | title = Introduction to Optics, Third Edition
  | publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall
  | page = 221
  | year = 2007
  | isbn = 0-13-149933-5  }}</ref>
|-
|[[Helium]]||589.29||1.000036||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[Hydrogen]]||589.29||1.000132||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
! colspan="4" |Liquids at 20 °C
|-
|[[Arsenic trisulfide]] and [[sulfur]] in [[methylene iodide]]|| ||1.9||<ref>[http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM40/AM40_398.pdf Meyrowitz, R, A compilation and classification of immersion media of high index of refraction, American Mineralogist 40: 398 (1955)]</ref>
|-
|[[Benzene]]||589.29||1.501||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[Carbon disulfide]]||589.29||1.628||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[Carbon tetrachloride]]||589.29||1.461||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[Ethanol|Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)]]||589.29||1.361||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[Silicone oil]]|| ||1.336-1.582||<ref>[http://www.gelest.com/goods/pdf/siliconefluids.pdf Silicone Fluids: Stable and Inert Material]</ref>
|-
|[[Water]]||589.29||1.3330||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|10% [[Glucose]] solution in water||589.29||1.3477||<ref name="Lide">
{{cite book
  | author = David R. Lide
  | title = CRC handbook of physics and chemistry
  | publisher = The Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland, OH
  | year = 2001
  | isbn = 0-8493-0482-2}}</ref>
|-
|20% [[Glucose]] solution in water||589.29||1.3635||<ref name=Lide/>
|-
|60% [[Glucose]] solution in water||589.29||1.4394||<ref name=Lide/>
|-
! colspan="4" | Solids at room temperature
|-
|[[Titanium dioxide]] (Rutile phase )||589.29||2.496||<ref>[http://refractiveindex.info/?group=CRYSTALS&material=TiO2 RefractiveIndex.INFO - Refractive index and related constants]</ref>
|-
|[[Diamond]]||589.29||2.419||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[Strontium titanate]]||589.29||2.41||
|-
|[[Amber]]||589.29||1.55||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[Fused silica]] (also called Fused Quartz)||589.29||1.458||<ref name="ref1"/>
|-
|[[Sodium chloride]]||589.29||1.544||<ref name="ref8">{{cite book
  | first = Raymond A. Serway
  | coauthors = Faughn, Jerry S.
  | title = College Physics, 6th Edition
  | publisher = Brooks/Cole
  | page = 692
  | year = 2003
  | isbn = 978-0-03-035114-3}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="4" | Other materials
|-
|[[Liquid helium]]|| ||1.025||
|-
|[[Water]] ice|| ||1.31||
|-
|[[Cornea]] (human)|| ||1.373/1.380/1.401 || <ref>{{Cite journal
  | authorlink = Patel S
  | coauthors = Marshall J, Fitzke FW 3rd.
  | title = Refractive index of the human corneal epithelium and stroma
  | journal = J Refract Surg.  
  | volume = 11
  | issue = 2
  | pages = 100–105
  | date = 1995 Mar-Apr
  | pmid = 7634138
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lens (anatomy)|Lens]] (human)|| ||1.386 - 1.406||
|-
|[[Acetone]]|| ||1.36||
|-
|[[Ethanol]]|| ||1.36||
|-
|[[Glycerol]]|| ||1.4729||
|-
|[[Bromine]]|| ||1.661||
|-
|[[Polytetrafluoroethylene|Teflon AF]]|| ||1.315|| <ref name="Teflon_AF">{{cite web|url=http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon_Industrial/en_US/products/product_by_name/teflon_af/properties.html |title=Teflon AF |accessdate=2010-10-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[Polytetrafluoroethylene|Teflon]]|| ||1.35 - 1.38||
|-
|Cytop|| ||1.34|| <ref name=Cytop>{{cite web|url=http://www.agcce.eu.com/CYTOP/TechInfo.asp |title=Cytop|accessdate=2010-10-14}}</ref>
|-
|Sylgard 184 ([[Polydimethylsiloxane]])|| ||1.4118|| <ref name="Sylgard184">{{cite web |url=http://www1.dowcorning.com/DataFiles/090007c8803bb6a1.pdf |title=184 Silicone Elastomer |publisher=Dow Corning |type=Product Information |format=PDF |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref>
|-
|[[Polylactic acid|PLA]]|| ||1.46||<ref name="PLA Optical">{{cite web|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470649848.ch8|title=Poly(Lactic Acid): Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, and Applications; Chapter 8: Optical Properties|accessdate=2012-10-25}}</ref>
|-
|[[Acrylic glass]]|| ||1.490 - 1.492||
|-
|[[Polycarbonate]]|| ||1.584 - 1.586||
|-
|[[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|PMMA]]|| ||1.4893 - 1.4899||
|-
|PETg|| ||1.57||
|-
|[[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]]|| ||1.5750||
|-
|[[Crown glass (optics)|Crown glass (pure)]]|| ||1.50 - 1.54||
|-
|[[Flint glass|Flint glass (pure)]]|| ||1.60 - 1.62||
|-
|[[Crown glass (optics)|Crown glass (impure)]]|| ||1.485 - 1.755||
|-
|[[Flint glass|Flint glass (impure)]]|| ||1.523 - 1.925||
|-
|[[Pyrex]] (a [[borosilicate glass]])|| ||1.470||<ref name="ref2">{{cite web|url=http://www.matter.org.uk/schools/Content/Refraction/absolute.html |title=Absolute Refractive Index |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=[[University of Liverpool]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cryolite]]|| ||1.338||
|-
|[[Halite|Rock salt]]|| ||1.516||
|-
|[[Sapphire]]|| ||1.762–1.778||
|-
| [[Sugar]] Solution, 25%|| ||1.3723||<ref name="refSugar">{{cite web|url=http://www.frederiksen.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Export_Manuals/545920_AE_sugarsolution.pdf |title=Manual for Sugar solution Prism |accessdate=2012-03-21}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sugar]] Solution, 50%|| ||1.4200||<ref name="refSugar"/>
|-
| [[Sugar]] Solution, 75%|| ||1.4774||<ref name="refSugar"/>
|-
|[[Cubic zirconia]]|| ||2.15 - 2.18||
|-
|Potassium Niobate (KNbO<sub>3</sub>)|| ||2.28||
|-
|[[Silicon carbide]]|| ||2.65 - 2.69||
|-
|[[Cinnabar]] ([[Mercury sulfide]])|| ||3.02||
|-
|[[Gallium(III) phosphide]]|| ||3.5||
|-
|[[Gallium(III) arsenide]]|| ||3.927||
|-
|[[Zinc Oxide]]||390||2.4||
|-
|[[Germanium]]|| ||4.01||
|-
|[[Silicon]] ||590 ||3.96||<ref name="si_website">{{cite web|url=http://pvcdrom.pveducation.org/APPEND/OPTICAL.HTM |title=Optical Properties of Silicon |accessdate=2009-05-31}}</ref>
|-
|}
 
==See also==
*[[Sellmeier equation]]
*[[Corrective lens#Ophthalmic material property tables]]
*[[Optical properties of water and ice]]
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
== External links ==
*[http://www.iapws.org/relguide/rindex.pdf International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam]
*[http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/nk/index.html Ioffe institute, Russian Federation]
*[http://www.crystran.co.uk/ Crystran, United Kingdom]
*[http://www.astro.uni-jena.de/Laboratory/Database/jpdoc/f-dbase.html Jena University, Germany]
*[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/indrf.html#c1 Hyperphysics list of refractive indices]
*[http://www.luxpop.com/ Luxpop: Index of refraction values and photonics calculations]
*[http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_5/2_5_8.html Kaye and Laby Online] Provided by the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK]]
*[http://macro.lsu.edu/HowTo/solvents/Refractive%20Index.htm List of Refractive Indices of Solvents]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Refractive index}}
[[Category:Physics-related lists]]
[[Category:Optics]]

Revision as of 00:13, 25 August 2013

30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí. Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices depend strongly upon the frequency of light. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at yellow doublet sodium D line, with a wavelength of 589 nanometres.

There are also weaker dependencies on temperature, pressure/stress, et cetera, as well on precise material compositions (presence of dopants et cetera); for many materials and typical conditions, however, these variations are at the percent level or less. Thus, it is especially important to cite the source for an index measurement if precision is required.

In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with both a real and imaginary part, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength—thus, the imaginary part is sometimes called the extinction coefficient . Such losses become particularly significant, for example, in metals at short (e.g. visible) wavelengths, and must be included in any description of the refractive index.

Refraction, critical angle and total internal reflection of light at the interface between two media.

List

Some representative refractive indices
Material λ (nm) n Ref.
Vacuum 1 (by definition)
Air at STP 1.000277
Gases at 0 °C and 1 atm
Air 589.29 1.000293 [1]
Carbon dioxide 589.29 1.00045 [2]

[3] [4]

Helium 589.29 1.000036 [1]
Hydrogen 589.29 1.000132 [1]
Liquids at 20 °C
Arsenic trisulfide and sulfur in methylene iodide 1.9 [5]
Benzene 589.29 1.501 [1]
Carbon disulfide 589.29 1.628 [1]
Carbon tetrachloride 589.29 1.461 [1]
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) 589.29 1.361 [1]
Silicone oil 1.336-1.582 [6]
Water 589.29 1.3330 [1]
10% Glucose solution in water 589.29 1.3477 [7]
20% Glucose solution in water 589.29 1.3635 [7]
60% Glucose solution in water 589.29 1.4394 [7]
Solids at room temperature
Titanium dioxide (Rutile phase ) 589.29 2.496 [8]
Diamond 589.29 2.419 [1]
Strontium titanate 589.29 2.41
Amber 589.29 1.55 [1]
Fused silica (also called Fused Quartz) 589.29 1.458 [1]
Sodium chloride 589.29 1.544 [9]
Other materials
Liquid helium 1.025
Water ice 1.31
Cornea (human) 1.373/1.380/1.401 [10]
Lens (human) 1.386 - 1.406
Acetone 1.36
Ethanol 1.36
Glycerol 1.4729
Bromine 1.661
Teflon AF 1.315 [11]
Teflon 1.35 - 1.38
Cytop 1.34 [12]
Sylgard 184 (Polydimethylsiloxane) 1.4118 [13]
PLA 1.46 [14]
Acrylic glass 1.490 - 1.492
Polycarbonate 1.584 - 1.586
PMMA 1.4893 - 1.4899
PETg 1.57
PET 1.5750
Crown glass (pure) 1.50 - 1.54
Flint glass (pure) 1.60 - 1.62
Crown glass (impure) 1.485 - 1.755
Flint glass (impure) 1.523 - 1.925
Pyrex (a borosilicate glass) 1.470 [15]
Cryolite 1.338
Rock salt 1.516
Sapphire 1.762–1.778
Sugar Solution, 25% 1.3723 [16]
Sugar Solution, 50% 1.4200 [16]
Sugar Solution, 75% 1.4774 [16]
Cubic zirconia 2.15 - 2.18
Potassium Niobate (KNbO3) 2.28
Silicon carbide 2.65 - 2.69
Cinnabar (Mercury sulfide) 3.02
Gallium(III) phosphide 3.5
Gallium(III) arsenide 3.927
Zinc Oxide 390 2.4
Germanium 4.01
Silicon 590 3.96 [17]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

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  2. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

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  3. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  4. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  5. ↑ Meyrowitz, R, A compilation and classification of immersion media of high index of refraction, American Mineralogist 40: 398 (1955)
  6. ↑ Silicone Fluids: Stable and Inert Material
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  8. ↑ RefractiveIndex.INFO - Refractive index and related constants
  9. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

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  11. ↑ Template:Cite web
  12. ↑ Template:Cite web
  13. ↑ Template:Cite web
  14. ↑ Template:Cite web
  15. ↑ Template:Cite web
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Template:Cite web
  17. ↑ Template:Cite web
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