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| {{for|the village in Iran|Holor, Iran}}
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| {{merge to|Parry Moon|discuss=Talk:Holor#Delete or merge|date=August 2012}}
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| A '''holor''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|oʊ|l|ɚ}}; [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ὅλος "whole") is a mathematical entity that is made up of one or more ''independent quantities'' ("merates"<ref>{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|iː|r|eɪ|t|s}}; Greek μέρος "part".</ref> as they are called in the theory of holors). [[Complex numbers]], [[scalar (mathematics)|scalars]], [[vector (geometric)|vectors]], [[matrix (mathematics)|matrices]], [[tensors]], [[quaternions]], and other [[hypercomplex number]]s are kinds of holors. If proper index conventions are maintained then certain relations of holor algebra are consistent with that of real algebra; i.e. addition and uncontracted multiplication are both commutative and associative.<ref>{{cite book
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| | authorlink = Parry Moon
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| | first = Parry Hiram
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| | last = Moon
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| | coauthors = [[Domina Eberle Spencer|Spencer, Domina Eberle]]
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| | title = Theory of Holors : A Generalization of Tensors
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| | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
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| | date = 1986
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| | isbn = 978-0-521-01900-2
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| }}</ref>
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| The term ''holor'' was coined by [[Parry Moon]] and [[Domina Eberle Spencer]]. Moon and Spencer classify holors as either nongeometric objects or geometric objects. They further classify the geometric objects as either ''oudors'' or ''akinetors'', where the ([[Covariance and contravariance of vectors|contravariant]]) akinetors<ref>{{IPAc-en|eɪ|ˈ|k|ɪ|n|ə|t|ɚ}}; Greek ἀκίνητος "fixed", here in the sense of "invariant".</ref> transform as
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| : <math>v^{i'} = \sigma {{\partial x^{i'}} \over {\partial x^{i}}} v^i,</math>
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| and the oudors<ref>{{IPAc-en|ˈ|uː|d|ɚ}}; Greek οὐ "not".</ref> contain all other geometric objects (such as [[Christoffel symbol]]s). The tensor is a special case of the akinetor where <math>\sigma = 1</math>. Akinetors correspond to [[pseudotensor]]s in standard nomenclature.
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| Holors are furthermore classified with respect to their i) plethos<ref>{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|l|ɛ|θ|ɒ|s}}; Greek: πλῆθος "multitude", here in the sense of "dimensionality (of a vector)".</ref> ''n'', and ii) valence<ref>{{lang-de|Valenz}}; originally introduced to [[differential geometry]] by [[Jan Arnoldus Schouten]] and [[Dirk Jan Struik]] in their 1935 ''Einführung in die neueren Methoden der Differentialgeometrie''. In that work, they explain that they chose the term 'valence' in order to dissolve the confusion created by the use of ambiguous terms such as 'grade', ''Grad'' (not to be confused with the concept of [[Grade (geometric algebra)|grade]] in [[geometric algebra]]), or 'order', ''Ordnung'', for the concept of ''[[tensor rank|(tensor) order/degree/rank]]'' (not to be confused with [[matrix rank]]), which is the number of indices needed to label a component of a multi-dimensional array of numerical values). The term 'valence' is to remind the concept of ''[[Valence (chemistry)|chemical valence]]'' (Schouten and Struik 1935, Bd. I, p. 7). See also Moon and Spencer 1989, p. 12.</ref> ''N''.
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| Moon and Spencer provide a novel classification of geometric figures in [[affine space]] with [[homogeneous coordinate]]s. For example, a directed line segment that is free to slide along a given line is called a ''fixed rhabdor''<ref>Greek ῥάβδος "rod".</ref> and corresponds to a ''sliding vector''<ref>A vector whose direction and line of application are prescribed, but whose point of application is not prescribed.</ref> in standard nomenclature. Other objects in their classification scheme include ''free rhabdors'', ''kineors'',<ref>Greek κινέω "to move"</ref> ''fixed strophors'',<ref>Greek στροφή "a turning"</ref> ''free strophors'', and ''helissors''.<ref>Greek ἑλίσσω "to roll, to wind round".</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Affinor]]
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| * [[Geometric vector]]
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| * [[Geometric algebra]]
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| * [[Geometry of matrices]], a research program initiated by [[Hua Luogeng]] in 1945
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| * [[Hyle]]
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| * [[Musean hypernumber]]
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| ==Notes and references==
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| <references/>
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| [[Category:Tensors]]
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