Hedgehog space

Extendible hashing is a type of hash system which treats a hash as a bit string, and uses a trie for bucket lookup. Because of the hierarchical nature of the system, re-hashing is an incremental operation (done one bucket at a time, as needed). This means that time-sensitive applications are less affected by table growth than by standard full-table rehashes.

Example

This is an example from Template:Harvtxt.

Assume that the hash function $h(k)$ returns a binary number. The first i bits of each string will be used as indices to figure out where they will go in the "directory" (hash table). Additionally, i is the smallest number such that the first i bits of all keys are different.

Keys to be used:

$h(k_{1})$ = 100100
$h(k_{2})$ = 010110
$h(k_{3})$ = 110110

Let's assume that for this particular example, the bucket size is 1. The first two keys to be inserted, k₁ and k₂, can be distinguished by the most significant bit, and would be inserted into the table as follows:

Now, if k₃ were to be hashed to the table, it wouldn't be enough to distinguish all three keys by one bit (because k₃ and k₁ have 1 as their leftmost bit. Also, because the bucket size is one, the table would overflow. Because comparing the first two most significant bits would give each key a unique location, the directory size is doubled as follows:

And so now k₁ and k₃ have a unique location, being distinguished by the first two leftmost bits. Because k₂ is in the top half of the table, both 00 and 01 point to it because there is no other key to compare to that begins with a 0.

Further detail

$h(k_{4})$ = 011110

Now, k₄ needs to be inserted, and it has the first two bits as 01..(1110), and using a 2 bit depth in the directory, this maps from 01 to Bucket A. Bucket A is full (max size 1), so it must be split; because there is more than one pointer to Bucket A, there is no need to increase the directory size.

What is needed is information about:

1. The key size that maps the directory (the global depth), and
2. The key size that has previously mapped the bucket (the local depth)

In order to distinguish the two action cases:

1. Doubling the directory when a bucket becomes full
2. Creating a new bucket, and re-distributing the entries between the old and the new bucket

Examining the initial case of an extendible hash structure, if each directory entry points to one bucket, then the local depth should be equal to the global depth.

The number of directory entries is equal to 2^{global depth}, and the initial number of buckets is equal to 2^{local depth}.

Thus if global depth = local depth = 0, then 2⁰ = 1, so an initial directory of one pointer to one bucket.

Back to the two action cases:

If the local depth is equal to the global depth, then there is only one pointer to the bucket, and there is no other directory pointers that can map to the bucket, so the directory must be doubled (case1).

If the bucket is full, if the local depth is less than the global depth, then there exists more than one pointer from the directory to the bucket, and the bucket can be split (case 2).

Key 01 points to Bucket A, and Bucket A's local depth of 1 is less than the directory's global depth of 2, which means keys hashed to Bucket A have only used a 1 bit prefix (i.e. 0), and the bucket needs to have its contents split using keys 1 + 1 = 2 bits in length; in general, for any local depth d where d is less than D, the global depth, then d must be incremented after a bucket split, and the new d used as the number of bits of each entry's key to redistribute the entries of the former bucket into the new buckets.

Now, $h(k_{4})$ = 011110
is tried again, with 2 bits 01.., and now key 01 points to a new bucket but there is still k2 in it ($h(k2)$ = 010110 and also begins with 01).

If k2 had been 000110, with key 00, there would have been no problem, because k2 would have remained in the new bucket A' and bucket D would have been empty.

(This would have been the most likely case by far when buckets are of greater size than 1 and the newly split buckets would be exceedingly unlikely to overflow, unless all the entries were all rehashed to one bucket again. But just to emphasize the role of the depth information, the example will be pursued logically to the end.)

So Bucket D needs to be split, but a check of its local depth, which is 2, is the same as the global depth, which is 2, so the directory must be split again, in order to hold keys of sufficient detail, e.g. 3 bits.

1. Bucket D needs to split due to being full.
2. As D's local depth = the global depth, the directory must double to increase bit detail of keys.
3. Global depth has incremented after directory split to 3.
4. The new entry k4 is rekeyed with global depth 3 bits and ends up in D which has local depth 2, which can now be incremented to 3 and D can be split to D' and E.
5. The contents of the split bucket D, k2, has been re-keyed with 3 bits, and it ends up in D.
6. K4 is retried and it ends up in E which has a spare slot.

Now, $h(k2)$ = 010110 is in D and $h(k_{4})$ = 011110 is tried again, with 3 bits 011.., and it points to bucket D which already contains k2 so is full; D's local depth is 2 but now the global depth is 3 after the directory doubling, so now D can be split into bucket's D' and E, the contents of D, k2 has its $h(k2)$ retried with a new global depth bitmask of 3 and k2 ends up in D', then the new entry k4 is retried with $h(k_{4})$ bitmasked using the new global depth bit count of 3 and this gives 011 which now points to a new bucket E which is empty. So K4 goes in Bucket E.

Example implementation

Below is the extendible hashing algorithm in Python, with the disc block / memory page association, caching and consistency issues removed. Note a problem exists if the depth exceeds the bit size of an integer, because then doubling of the directory or splitting of a bucket won't allow entries to be rehashed to different buckets.

The code uses the least significant bits, which makes it more efficient to expand the table, as the entire directory can be copied as one block (Template:Harvtxt).

Python example

PAGE_SZ = 20

class Page(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.m = {}
        self.d = 0

    def full(self):
        return len(self.m) >= PAGE_SZ

    def put(self,k,v):
        self.m[k] = v

    def get(self,k):
        return self.m.get(k)

class EH(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.gd = 0 
        p = Page()
        self.pp= [p]

    def get_page(self,k):
        h = hash(k) 
        p = self.pp[ h & (( 1 << self.gd) -1)]
        return p

    def  put(self, k, v):
        p = self.get_page(k)
        if p.full() and p.d == self.gd:
            self.pp *= 2
            self.gd += 1
        
        if p.full() and p.d < self.gd:
            p.put(k,v);
            p1 = Page()
            p2 = Page()
            for k2,v2 in p.m.items():
                h = hash(k2)
                h = h & ((1 << self.gd) -1)
                if (h >> p.d) & 1 == 1:
                    p2.put(k2,v2)
                else:
                    p1.put(k2,v2)
            for i,x in enumerate(self.pp):
                if x == p:
                    if (i >> p.d) & 1 == 1:
                        self.pp[i] = p2
                    else:
                        self.pp[i] = p1

            p2.d = p1.d = p.d + 1
        else:    
            p.put(k,  v)

    def get(self, k):
        p = self.get_page(k)
        return p.get(k)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    eh = EH()
    N = 10088
    l = list(range(N))

    import random
    random.shuffle(l)
    for x in l:
        eh.put(x,x)
    print l

    for i in range(N):
        print eh.get(i)

Notes

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

See also

• Trie
• Hash table
• Stable hashing
• Consistent hashing
• Linear hashing

References

• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
  Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
  
  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
  Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
  
  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010

External links

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• Extendible Hashing at University of Nebraska
• Extendible Hashing notes at Arkansas State University
• Extendible hashing notes