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[[Image:Wiens law.svg|thumb|Black body thermal emission intensity as a function of wavelength for various absolute temperatures. Wien's law is not obvious in the picture, because the total emission includes a geometrical factor of 1/''λ''<sup>2</sup> which counts the number of fourier modes of wavelength ''λ'', and a second factor of 1/''λ''<sup>2</sup> to convert intensities per-unit-frequency to intensities per-unit-wavelength |right|300px]]
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'''Wien's displacement law''' states that the [[wavelength]] distribution of [[thermal radiation]] from a [[black body]] at any temperature has essentially the same shape as the distribution at any other temperature, except that each wavelength is displaced on the graph. Apart from an overall ''T''<sup>3</sup> multiplicative factor, the average [[thermal energy]] in each mode with frequency ν only depends on the ratio ν/''T''. Restated in terms of the wavelength {{nowrap|λ {{=}} ''c''/ν}}, the distributions at corresponding wavelengths are related, where corresponding wavelengths are at locations proportional to 1/''T''. [[Blackbody radiation]] approximates to Wien's law at high frequency.
Come potete vedere, ho cambiato lo stile del mio sito. Si potrebbe pensare che un cambiamento importante aspetto come questo sarebbe voluto un po ', [http://www.orimartin.com/web_eng/config.asp Scarpe Prada] ma grazie al miracolo di Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) e PHP, la cosa mi ha preso circa un'ora tra cui concetto, progettazione e realizzazione. <br><br>In secondo luogo, si sente alcun [http://www.mieascensori.com/web/client.asp Oakley Outlet] bisogno di scusarsi. Dopo la tempesta di fuoco, entrò nel labirinto di meditazione concreta suo marito aveva costruito per lei sulla loro tenuta di campagna a Santa Maria County, nel Maryland, a pensare. Guest post su siti articolo e splog che prendono tutto ciò che non è qualcosa che io consiglierei passare il tempo facendo. Preferirei ottenere 1 guest post su un sito con lettori effettiva di 5 da schifo sites.2. <br><br>Il motivo principale Gabe ha deciso di non trasferirsi a Squarespace è perché è stato usato per i fastidi che è arrivato con l'hosting manualmente WordPress e aveva costruito un flusso di lavoro intorno a quel sistema. Ha anche voluto iniziare la programmazione e la flessibilità di un host web completa per eseguire codice sul era essenziale per lui. <br><br>Se si sta promuovendo un programma 2 livelli, questo può essere una bella aggiunta al vostro reddito. Altri potrebbero essere nel mercato per un nuovo host web. L'ex candidato alla vicepresidenza degli Stati Uniti Paul Ryan, il deputato repubblicano del Wisconsin, è un politico influente che ha citato la relazione per [http://www.piton.it/web_OLD/header.asp Polo Ralph Lauren] giustificare un budget taglio agenda. Utilizzando i dati dei due professori, Herndon ha trovato che invece di un drammatico calo della crescita, il calo è stato molto più mite, rallentando a circa il 2,2 per cento, invece del crollo al meno 0,1 per cento che Reinhart e Rogoff previsto. <br><br>La maggior parte dei bambini hanno domande sul perché i loro genitori biologici decise di adozione. E 'importante che il bambino parla di queste domande. Kim ha un disturbo alimentare, va bene. È possibile mettere qualcosa davanti a lei e lei può mangiare, da una pentola di grasso cheeseburger al litro bottiglia di Coca Cola 1 meathammer dimensioni di Ray J. <br><br>E 'stata la fortuna del ragazzo che Punakha Hospital aveva alcune dosi rimaste. E 'stato portato Punakha per la prima dose, ma non c'è alcuna garanzia se non ci sarà alcun sinistra quando lui va per la seconda dose, che è il 17 maggio. Molte persone non si rendono conto che. " Inoltre, aggiunge, credendo sei fuori gancio per mangiare gli animali ruspanti è "un argomento tale elite. <br><br>Essi hanno anche varie sezioni tale attività, il design, la tecnologia. La piattaforma inoltre porta davvero il modo nel fornire [http://www.hoteloasiverde.it/web/include/datebase.asp Occhiali Louis Vuitton] un modo semplice per curare i contenuti. Inizia osservando gli annunci di Bing, Yahoo e Google sul loro supporto congiunto per il markup Schema. Quando i motori di ricerca si uniscono per una causa, si sa che uno strumento legittimo per la ricerca di marketing e uno che semplicemente può essere trascurato..
 
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From this general law, it follows that there is an inverse relationship between the wavelength of the peak of the emission of a black body and its [[temperature]] when expressed as a function of wavelength, and this less powerful consequence is often also called Wien's displacement law in many textbooks.
<ul>
 
 
:<math>\lambda_\text{max} T = b,</math>
  <li>[http://bbs.lyso.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=22840 http://bbs.lyso.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=22840]</li>
 
 
where λ<sub>max</sub> is the peak wavelength, ''T'' is the absolute temperature of the black body, and ''b'' is a [[proportionality constant|constant of proportionality]] called ''Wien's displacement constant'', equal to {{val|2.8977685|(51)|e=-3|u=m·K}} (2002 [[CODATA]] recommended value).
  <li>[http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article66#forum17935815 http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article66#forum17935815]</li>
 
 
For wavelengths near the [[visible spectrum]], it is often more convenient to use the [[nanometer]] in place of the meter as the unit of measure.  In this case, {{nowrap|''b'' {{=}} {{val|2897768.5|(51)|u=nm·K}}}}.
  <li>[http://www.hngggj.com/news/html/?50711.html http://www.hngggj.com/news/html/?50711.html]</li>
 
 
In the field of [[plasma physics]] temperatures are often measured in units of [[electron volt]]s and the proportionality constant becomes {{nowrap|''b'' {{=}} {{val|249.71066|u=nm·eV}}}}.
  <li>[http://www.wjiaq.com/news/html/?337021.html http://www.wjiaq.com/news/html/?337021.html]</li>
 
 
==Explanation and familiar approximate applications==
  <li>[http://jxbbs.e23.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=2939983 http://jxbbs.e23.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=2939983]</li>
The law is named for [[Wilhelm Wien]], who derived it in 1893 based on a thermodynamic argument. Wien considered [[adiabatic]], or slow, expansion of a cavity containing waves of light in thermal equilibrium. He showed that under slow expansion or contraction, the energy of light reflecting off the walls changes in exactly the same way as the frequency. A general principle of thermodynamics is that a thermal equilibrium state, when expanded very slowly stays in thermal equilibrium. The adiabatic principle allowed Wien to conclude that for each mode, the adiabatic invariant energy/frequency is only a function of the other adiabatic invariant, the frequency/temperature.
 
 
</ul>
[[Max Planck]] reinterpreted [[Planck constant|a constant]] closely related to Wien's constant ''b'' as a new constant of nature, now called [[Planck's constant]], which relates the frequency of light to the energy of a light quantum.
 
Wien's displacement law implies that the hotter an object is, the shorter the wavelength at which it will emit most of its radiation, and also that the  wavelength for maximal or peak radiation power is found by dividing Wien's constant by the temperature in kelvins.
 
===Examples===
*Light from the Sun: The effective temperature of the Sun is 5778 K. Using Wien's law, it is often concluded that this corresponds to a peak emission at a wavelength of 2.90 million nm K/ 5778 K = 502 nm. This is the wavelength of green light, and it is near the peak sensitivity of the human eye. <ref>Walker, J. Fundamentals of Physics, 8th ed., John Wiley and Sons, 2008, p. 891. ISBN 9780471758013.</ref> <ref>Feynman, R; Leighton, R; Sands,M. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, vol. 1, pp. 35-2 – 35-3. ISBN 0201510030.</ref>  The claim is then made that the human eye evolved to be most sensitive to the peak emission from the Sun. In fact, Wien's law says that the Sun's peak emission ''per unit wavelength'' is at 502 nm. When the spectrum is reckoned per frequency interval, the Sun's peak emission appears at a frequency of 3.43 x 10<sup>14</sup> Hz; this means that the peak emission ''per unit frequency'' is at 3.43 x 10<sup>14</sup> Hz, which corresponds to a wavelength of 883 nm and is well into the infrared. That is, the apparent "peak" of the spectrum is significantly affected by the bookkeeping convention by which one describes the spectrum. (Evolution of the eye was more likely influenced by the spectral absorption properties of water than by the Sun's spectrum.) <ref>Soffer, B. H.; Lynch, D. K. (1999). "Some paradoxes, errors, and resolutions concerning the spectral optimization of human vision". American Journal of Physics 67 (11): 946–953.</ref> <ref>Heald, M. A. (2003). "Where is the 'Wien peak'?". American Journal of Physics 71 (12): 1322–1323.</ref>
 
There are many familiar situations to which Wien's Law may be applied:
 
*Light from incandescent bulbs and fires: A [[lightbulb]] has a glowing wire with a somewhat lower temperature, resulting in yellow light, and something that is "red hot" is again a little less hot. It is easy to calculate that a wood fire at 1500 K puts out peak radiation at 3 million nm K /1500 K = 2000&nbsp;nm = 20,000 [[Angstrom|Å]]. This is far more energy in the infrared than in the visible band, which ends about 7500 Å.
 
*Radiation from mammals and the living human body: Mammals at roughly 300 K emit peak radiation at 3 thousand μm K / 300 K = 10 μm, in the far infrared. This is therefore the range of infrared wavelengths that [[pit viper]] snakes and [[Thermographic camera | passive IR cameras]] must sense.
 
==Frequency-dependent formulation==
In terms of [[frequency]] <math>\nu</math> (in [[hertz]]), Wien's displacement law becomes
 
:<math>\nu_\max = { \alpha \over h} kT  \approx  (5.879 \times 10^{10} \ \mathrm{Hz/K}) \cdot T  </math>
 
where {{nowrap|''α'' ≈ 2.821439...}} is a constant resulting from the numerical solution of the maximization equation, ''k'' is the [[Boltzmann constant]], ''h'' is the [[Planck constant]], and ''T'' is the temperature (in [[kelvin]]s).
 
Because the spectrum from [[Planck's law of black body radiation]] takes a different shape in the frequency domain from that of the wavelength domain, the frequency location of the peak emission does ''not'' correspond to the peak wavelength using the simple relationship between frequency, wavelength, and the [[speed of light]]. In other words, the peak wavelength and the peak frequency do not correspond.
 
==Derivation from Planck's Law==
[[Wilhelm Wien]] first derived this law in 1893 by applying the laws of [[thermodynamics]] to [[electromagnetic radiation]].<ref>
{{cite book
|last1=Mehra |first1=J.
|last2=Rechenberg |first2=H.
|year=1982
|title=The Historical Development of Quantum Theory
|at=Chapter 1
|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]]
|location=[[New York City|New York]]
|isbn=978-0-387-90642-3
}}</ref> A modern variant of Wien's derivation can be found in the textbook by Wannier.<ref>
{{cite book
|last1=Wannier |first1=G. H.
|author1-link=Gregory Wannier
|year=1987 |origyear=1966
|title=Statistical Physics
|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]
|isbn=978-0-486-65401-0
|oclc=15520414
|at=Chapter 10.2
}}</ref>
 
Planck's law for the spectrum of black body radiation may be used to find the actual constant in the peak displacement law. Specifically, the spectral [[energy density]] (that is, the energy density per unit frequency) is
:<math>u(\nu, T)\partial \nu = {8\pi \nu^2 \over c^3}{h \nu \over e^{h v/kT}-1}\partial \nu.</math>
 
However the frequency is a non-linear function of wavelength
:<math>\nu = {c \over \lambda}</math> &rArr; <math>\partial \nu = - {c \over \lambda^2}\partial \lambda.</math>
 
This allows to present the [[energy density]] depending on the wavelength
:<math>u(\lambda,T)\partial \lambda = {8\pi h c\over \lambda^5}{1\over e^{h c/\lambda kT}-1}\partial \lambda.</math>
 
Differentiating ''u''(λ,''T'') with respect to λ and setting the derivative equal to zero gives
:<math>{ \partial u \over \partial \lambda } = 8\pi h c\left( {hc\over kT \lambda^7}{e^{h c/\lambda kT}\over \left(e^{h c/\lambda kT}-1\right)^2} -  {1\over\lambda^6}{5\over e^{h c/\lambda kT}-1}\right)=0,</math>
which can be simplified to give
:<math>{hc\over\lambda kT }{e^{h c/\lambda kT}\over e^{h c/\lambda kT} -1} - 5 = 0. </math>
 
By defining the [[dimensionless]] quantity
:<math>x\equiv{hc\over\lambda kT },</math>
then the equation becomes
:<math>{x e^x \over e^x - 1}-5=0.</math>
 
The numerical solution to this equation is{{refn|group=note|The equation <math>x e^x /(e^x - 1) = n</math> cannot be solved in terms of elementary functions. It can be solved in terms of [[Lambert W function|Lambert's product log function]] but an exact solution is not important in this derivation.}}
 
::<math>x = 4.965114231744276\ldots </math>
 
Solving for the wavelength λ in units of nanometers, and using kelvins for the temperature yields:
::<math>\lambda_\max = {hc\over x }{1\over kT} = {2.89776829\ldots \times 10^6 \ \mathrm{nm} \cdot K \over T}.</math>
 
The frequency form of Wien's displacement law is derived using similar methods, but starting with Planck's law in terms of frequency instead of wavelength.  The effective result is to substitute 3 for 5 in the equation for the peak wavelength. This is solved giving ''x'' = 2.82143937212...
 
Using the value ''4'' in this equation (midway between 3 and 5) yields a "compromise" wavelength-frequency-neutral peak, which is given for ''x'' = 3.92069039487....
 
==See also==
* [[Sakuma–Hattori equation]]
* [[Stefan–Boltzmann law]]
*[[Thermometer]]
 
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal
|last1=Soffer |first1=B. H.
|last2=Lynch |first2=D. K.
|year=1999
|title=Some paradoxes, errors, and resolutions concerning the spectral optimization of human vision
|journal=[[American Journal of Physics]]
|volume=67 |issue=11 |pages=946–953
|bibcode=1999AmJPh..67..946S
|doi=10.1119/1.19170
}}
*{{cite journal
|last1=Heald |first1=M. A.
|year=2003
|title=Where is the 'Wien peak'?
|journal=[[American Journal of Physics]]
|volume=71 |issue=12 |pages=1322–1323
|bibcode=2003AmJPh..71.1322H
|doi=10.1119/1.1604387
}}
 
==External links==
* [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/WiensDisplacementLaw.html Eric Weisstein's World of Physics]
 
[[Category:Statistical mechanics]]
[[Category:Foundational quantum physics]]
[[Category:Optics]]

Latest revision as of 15:37, 3 September 2014

Scarpe Prada Come potete vedere

Come potete vedere, ho cambiato lo stile del mio sito. Si potrebbe pensare che un cambiamento importante aspetto come questo sarebbe voluto un po ', Scarpe Prada ma grazie al miracolo di Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) e PHP, la cosa mi ha preso circa un'ora tra cui concetto, progettazione e realizzazione.

In secondo luogo, si sente alcun Oakley Outlet bisogno di scusarsi. Dopo la tempesta di fuoco, entrò nel labirinto di meditazione concreta suo marito aveva costruito per lei sulla loro tenuta di campagna a Santa Maria County, nel Maryland, a pensare. Guest post su siti articolo e splog che prendono tutto ciò che non è qualcosa che io consiglierei passare il tempo facendo. Preferirei ottenere 1 guest post su un sito con lettori effettiva di 5 da schifo sites.2.

Il motivo principale Gabe ha deciso di non trasferirsi a Squarespace è perché è stato usato per i fastidi che è arrivato con l'hosting manualmente WordPress e aveva costruito un flusso di lavoro intorno a quel sistema. Ha anche voluto iniziare la programmazione e la flessibilità di un host web completa per eseguire codice sul era essenziale per lui.

Se si sta promuovendo un programma 2 livelli, questo può essere una bella aggiunta al vostro reddito. Altri potrebbero essere nel mercato per un nuovo host web. L'ex candidato alla vicepresidenza degli Stati Uniti Paul Ryan, il deputato repubblicano del Wisconsin, è un politico influente che ha citato la relazione per Polo Ralph Lauren giustificare un budget taglio agenda. Utilizzando i dati dei due professori, Herndon ha trovato che invece di un drammatico calo della crescita, il calo è stato molto più mite, rallentando a circa il 2,2 per cento, invece del crollo al meno 0,1 per cento che Reinhart e Rogoff previsto.

La maggior parte dei bambini hanno domande sul perché i loro genitori biologici decise di adozione. E 'importante che il bambino parla di queste domande. Kim ha un disturbo alimentare, va bene. È possibile mettere qualcosa davanti a lei e lei può mangiare, da una pentola di grasso cheeseburger al litro bottiglia di Coca Cola 1 meathammer dimensioni di Ray J.

E 'stata la fortuna del ragazzo che Punakha Hospital aveva alcune dosi rimaste. E 'stato portato Punakha per la prima dose, ma non c'è alcuna garanzia se non ci sarà alcun sinistra quando lui va per la seconda dose, che è il 17 maggio. Molte persone non si rendono conto che. " Inoltre, aggiunge, credendo sei fuori gancio per mangiare gli animali ruspanti è "un argomento tale elite.

Essi hanno anche varie sezioni tale attività, il design, la tecnologia. La piattaforma inoltre porta davvero il modo nel fornire Occhiali Louis Vuitton un modo semplice per curare i contenuti. Inizia osservando gli annunci di Bing, Yahoo e Google sul loro supporto congiunto per il markup Schema. Quando i motori di ricerca si uniscono per una causa, si sa che uno strumento legittimo per la ricerca di marketing e uno che semplicemente può essere trascurato.. 相关的主题文章: