Jordan–Wigner transformation

In mathematics, the hypograph or subgraph of a function f : Rⁿ → R is the set of points lying on or below its graph:

${\mbox{hyp}}f=\{(x,\mu )\,:\,x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n},\,\mu \in \mathbb {R} ,\,\mu \leq f(x)\}\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}$

and the strict hypograph of the function is:

${\mbox{hyp}}_{S}f=\{(x,\mu )\,:\,x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n},\,\mu \in \mathbb {R} ,\,\mu <f(x)\}\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}.$

The set is empty if $f\equiv -\infty$ .

Similarly, the set of points on or above the function's graph is its epigraph.

Properties

A function is concave if and only if its hypograph is a convex set. The hypograph of a real affine function g : Rⁿ → R is a halfspace in Rⁿ⁺¹.

A function is upper semicontinuous if and only if its hypograph is closed.