Kolmogorov equations (Markov jump process): Difference between revisions

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[[File:Quaternary ammonium cation.svg|upright|thumb|[[Quaternary ammonium cation]]. The R's may be the same or different groups. They may also be connected ([[Heterocyclic compound|cyclic]]).]]


In [[chemistry]], a '''quaternary compound''' is a [[cation]] consisting of a central positively charged [[nitrogen group]] atom with four substituents, especially [[organic compound|organic]] ([[alkyl]] and [[aryl]]) groups, discounting [[hydrogen]] atoms.<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=Onium compounds|file=O04291}}</ref>


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The best known quaternary compounds are [[quaternary ammonium cation]]s, having a [[nitrogen]] atom at the centre.<ref>{{GoldBookRef | file = Q05003 | title = quaternary ammonium compounds }}</ref> For example, in the following reaction, the [[nitrogen]] atom is said to be '''quaternized''' as it has gone from 3 to 4 substituents:


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:<math>\mathrm{R_3N + RCl \longrightarrow R_4N^+ \ Cl^-}</math>


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Other examples include substituted [[phosphonium salt]]s (R<sub>4</sub>[[Phosphorus|P]]<sup>+</sup>), substituted [[arsonium salt]]s (R<sub>4</sub>[[Arsenic|As]]<sup>+</sup>) like [[arsenobetaine]], as well as some [[arsenic]] containing [[superconductor]]s.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1209/0295-5075/82/57002}}</ref> Substituted [[stibonium salt|stibonium]] (R<sub>4</sub>[[Antimony|Sb]]<sup>+</sup>)<ref>{{cite doi|10.1002/zaac.19774350124}}</ref> and [[bismuthonium salt]]s (R<sub>4</sub>[[Bismuth|Bi]]<sup>+</sup>) have also been described.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth|author=Nicholas C. Norman|publisher=Springer Netherlands|year=1997|page=316|isbn=0-7514-0389-X|url=http://books.google.at/books?id=vVhpurkfeN4C&pg=PA316&lpg=PA316&dq=tetramethyl+bismuthonium&source=bl&ots=sHfnfzzxWm&sig=e5_UI0j8Ff_W0UDelpUp1zIWsKc&hl=de&ei=FQS3Tp_1DYul-gbqoZWFBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=tetramethyl%20bismuthonium&f=false}}</ref>


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==See also==
* [[Onium compounds]]


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==References==
{{reflist}}


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[[Category:Quaternary compounds]]
 
 
{{chemistry-stub}}

Revision as of 15:29, 29 August 2013

Quaternary ammonium cation. The R's may be the same or different groups. They may also be connected (cyclic).

In chemistry, a quaternary compound is a cation consisting of a central positively charged nitrogen group atom with four substituents, especially organic (alkyl and aryl) groups, discounting hydrogen atoms.[1]

The best known quaternary compounds are quaternary ammonium cations, having a nitrogen atom at the centre.[2] For example, in the following reaction, the nitrogen atom is said to be quaternized as it has gone from 3 to 4 substituents:

Other examples include substituted phosphonium salts (R4P+), substituted arsonium salts (R4As+) like arsenobetaine, as well as some arsenic containing superconductors.[3] Substituted stibonium (R4Sb+)[4] and bismuthonium salts (R4Bi+) have also been described.[5]

See also

References

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