Lindblad superoperator: Difference between revisions

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Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism has nothing to do with the quantum master equation here so I removed the linking to Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism.
 
en>Azaghal of Belegost
m Added link to page on superoperator, since that term was not previously explicitly defined.
 
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{{quantum field theory}}
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In [[physics]], particularly [[quantum field theory]], the '''Weyl Equation''' is a [[relativistic wave equation]] for describing massless [[spin-1/2]] particles. It is named after the [[German people|German]] physicist [[Hermann Weyl]].  
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==Equation==
 
The general equation can be written: <ref>Quantum Mechanics, E. Abers, Pearson Ed., Addison Wesley, Prentice Hall Inc, 2004, ISBN 978-0-13-146100-0</ref><ref>The Cambridge Handbook of Physics Formulas, G. Woan, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-57507-2.</ref>
 
:<math> \sigma^\mu\partial_\mu \psi=0</math>
 
explicitly in [[SI units]]:
 
:<math> I_2 \frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial t} + \sigma_x\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x} + \sigma_y\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial y} + \sigma_z\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial z}=0</math>
 
where
 
:<math> \sigma_\mu = (\sigma_0,\sigma_1,\sigma_2,\sigma_3)= (I_2,\sigma_x,\sigma_y,\sigma_z)</math>
 
is a [[vector (mathematics and physics)|vector]] whose components is the 2 × 2 [[identity matrix]] for μ = 0 and the [[Pauli matrices]] for μ = 1,2,3, and ψ is the [[wavefunction]] - one of the Weyl spinors.
 
===Weyl spinors===
 
The elements ψ<sub>''L''</sub> and ψ<sub>''R''</sub> are respectively the left and right handed Weyl [[spinors]], each with two components. Both have the form
 
:<math> \psi = \begin{pmatrix}
\psi_1 \\
\psi_2 \\
\end{pmatrix} = \chi e^{-i(\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{r}-\omega t)}= \chi e^{-i(\mathbf{p}\cdot\mathbf{r}-Et)/\hbar}</math>
 
where
 
:<math> \chi = \begin{pmatrix}
\chi_1 \\
\chi_2 \\
\end{pmatrix} </math>
 
is a constant two-component spinor.
 
Since the particles are [[mass]]less, i.e. ''m'' = 0, the magnitude of [[momentum]] '''p''' relates directly to the [[wave-vector]] '''k''' by the [[De Broglie relations]] as:
 
:<math> |\mathbf{p}| = \hbar |\mathbf{k}| = \hbar \omega /c \, \rightarrow \, |\mathbf{k}| = \omega /c </math>
 
The equation can be written in terms of left and right handed spinors as:
 
:<math>\begin{align} & \sigma^\mu \partial_\mu \psi_R = 0 \\
& \bar{\sigma}^\mu \partial_\mu \psi_L = 0
\end{align}</math>
 
===Helicity===
 
{{main|Helicity (particle physics)}}
 
The left and right components correspond to the helicity λ of the particles, the projection of [[angular momentum operator]] '''J''' onto the linear momentum '''p''':
 
:<math>\mathbf{p}\cdot\mathbf{J}\left|\mathbf{p},\lambda\right\rangle=\lambda |\mathbf{p}|\left|\mathbf{p},\lambda\right\rangle</math>
 
Here <math>\lambda=\pm 1/2</math>.
 
==Derivation==
 
The equations are obtained from the [[lagrangian density|Lagrangian densities]]
 
:<math> \mathcal L = i \psi_R^\dagger \sigma^\mu \partial_\mu \psi_R </math>
 
:<math> \mathcal L = i \psi_L^\dagger \bar\sigma^\mu \partial_\mu \psi_L </math>
 
By treating the spinor and its [[Hermitian adjoint|conjugate]] (denoted by <math> \dagger </math>) as independent variables, the relevant Weyl equation is obtained.
 
==See also==
 
* [[Dirac equation]] (which describes massive spin-1/2 particles)
* [[Angular momentum operator]]
* [[Momentum operator]]
* [[Spin (physics)]]
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
 
* Quantum Field Theory, D. McMahon, Mc Graw Hill (USA), 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-154382-8
* Particle Physics (2nd Edition), B.R. Martin, G. Shaw, Manchester Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-03294-7
* Supersymmetry P. Labelle, Demystified, McGraw-Hill (USA), 2010, ISBN 978-0-07-163641-4
* The Road to Reality, Roger Penrose, Vintage books, 2007, ISBN 0-679-77631-1
 
==External links==
 
* [http://aesop.phys.utk.edu/qft/2004-5/2-2.pdf]
* [http://www.nbi.dk/~kleppe/random/ll/l2.html]
* [http://www.tfkp.physik.uni-erlangen.de/download/research/DW-derivation.pdf]
* [http://www.weylmann.com/weyldirac.pdf]
 
[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]

Latest revision as of 07:39, 6 December 2013

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Equation

The general equation can be written: [1][2]

explicitly in SI units:

where

is a vector whose components is the 2 × 2 identity matrix for μ = 0 and the Pauli matrices for μ = 1,2,3, and ψ is the wavefunction - one of the Weyl spinors.

Weyl spinors

The elements ψL and ψR are respectively the left and right handed Weyl spinors, each with two components. Both have the form

where

is a constant two-component spinor.

Since the particles are massless, i.e. m = 0, the magnitude of momentum p relates directly to the wave-vector k by the De Broglie relations as:

The equation can be written in terms of left and right handed spinors as:

Helicity

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The left and right components correspond to the helicity λ of the particles, the projection of angular momentum operator J onto the linear momentum p:

Here .

Derivation

The equations are obtained from the Lagrangian densities

By treating the spinor and its conjugate (denoted by ) as independent variables, the relevant Weyl equation is obtained.

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Quantum Field Theory, D. McMahon, Mc Graw Hill (USA), 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-154382-8
  • Particle Physics (2nd Edition), B.R. Martin, G. Shaw, Manchester Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-03294-7
  • Supersymmetry P. Labelle, Demystified, McGraw-Hill (USA), 2010, ISBN 978-0-07-163641-4
  • The Road to Reality, Roger Penrose, Vintage books, 2007, ISBN 0-679-77631-1

External links

  1. Quantum Mechanics, E. Abers, Pearson Ed., Addison Wesley, Prentice Hall Inc, 2004, ISBN 978-0-13-146100-0
  2. The Cambridge Handbook of Physics Formulas, G. Woan, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-57507-2.