Magnetic tweezers

In mathematics, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification. It is a generalization of the Jacobson radical for rings. In many ways, it is the dual notion to that of the socle soc(M) of M.

Definition

Let R be a ring and M a left R-module. A submodule N of M is called maximal or cosimple if the quotient M/N is a simple module. The radical of the module M is the intersection of all maximal submodules of M,

$\mathrm {rad} (M)=\bigcap \{N\mid N{\mbox{ is a maximal submodule of M}}\}\,$

Equivalently,

$\mathrm {rad} (M)=\sum \{S\mid S{\mbox{ is a superfluous submodule of M}}\}\,$

These definitions have direct dual analogues for soc(M).

Properties

• In addition to the fact rad(M) is the sum of superfluous submodules, in a Noetherian module rad(M) itself is a superfluous submodule.
• A ring for which rad(M) ={0} for every right R module M is called a right V-ring.
• For any module M, rad(M/rad(M)) is zero.
• M is a finitely generated module if and only if M/rad(M) is finitely generated and rad(M) is a superfluous submodule of M.

See also

• Socle (mathematics)
• Jacobson radical

References

• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
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• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

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