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[[Image:Taylor cone photo.jpg|thumb|right|250 px|Photograph of a meniscus of polyvinyl alcohol in aqueous solution showing a fibre drawn from a Taylor cone by the process of electrospinning.]]
{{otheruses}}
A '''Taylor cone''' refers to the cone observed in [[electrospinning]], [[electrospray]]ing and hydrodynamic spray processes from which a jet of charged particles emanates above a threshold voltage. Aside from [[electrospray ionization]] in [[mass spectrometry]] the Taylor cone is important in [[FEEP]] and [[colloid thruster]]s used in fine control and high efficiency (low power) thrust of spacecraft.
[[Image:EVG-620 & MA-150 steppers at LAAS (FDLS 2007) 0438.jpg|thumb|250px|Two steppers (left: EVG-620; right: MA-150) under [[inactinic light]] at [[Laboratory for analysis and architecture of systems|LAAS]] technological facility in Toulouse, France.]]
A '''stepper''' is a device used in the manufacture of [[integrated circuit]]s (ICs) that is similar in operation to a [[slide projector]] or a photographic [[enlarger]]. Steppers are an essential part of the complex process, called [[photolithography]], that creates millions of microscopic circuit elements on the surface of tiny chips of silicon. These chips form the heart of ICs such as computer processors, memory chips, and many other devices.


==The stepper's role in photolithography==
== History ==


Elements of the circuit to be created on the IC are reproduced in a pattern of transparent and opaque areas on the surface of a quartz plate called a [[photomask]] or reticle. The stepper passes light through the reticle, forming an image of the reticle pattern. The image is focused and reduced by a lens, and projected onto the surface of a [[silicon wafer]] that is coated with a photosensitive material called [[photoresist]].  
This cone was described by Sir [[Geoffrey Ingram Taylor]] in 1964 before electrospray was "discovered".<ref>{{cite journal | author = Sir Geoffrey Taylor | year = 1964 | title = Disintegration of Water Droplets in an Electric Field | journal = [[Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_A#Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_A|Proc. Roy. Soc. London. Ser. A]] | volume = 280 | pages = 383  | issue = 1382 | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1964.0151 | jstor=2415876|bibcode = 1964RSPSA.280..383T }}</ref> This work followed on the work of Zeleny<ref>{{cite journal| author=Zeleny, J. |title = The Electrical Discharge from Liquid Points, and a Hydrostatic Method of Measuring the Electric Intensity at Their Surfaces. | journal = [[Physical Review]] | year = 1914 | volume = 3| issue=2 | pages = 69 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.3.69|bibcode = 1914PhRv....3...69Z }}</ref> who, in 1917, photographed a cone-jet of glycerine under high electric field and the work of several others:  Wilson and Taylor (1925),<ref> {{cite journal|title=The bursting of soap bubbles in a uniform electric field|journal=Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.|year=1925|first=C. T.|last=Wilson|coauthors= G. I Taylor|volume=22|issue=05|pages=728|id= |url=|format=|accessdate=|doi=10.1017/S0305004100009609 |bibcode = 1925PCPS...22..728W }}</ref> Nolan (1926)<ref> {{cite journal|title= |journal=Proc. R. Ir. Acad. Sect. A|year=1926|first=J. J.|last=Nolan|coauthors=|volume=37|issue=|pages=28|id= |url=|format=|accessdate= }}</ref> and Macky (1931).<ref name='rspa.1931.0168'> {{cite journal|title=Some Investigations on the Deformation and Breaking of Water Drops in Strong Electric Fields|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A|date=October 1, 1931|first=W. A.|last=Macky|coauthors=|volume=133|issue=822|pages=565–587|doi= 10.1098/rspa.1931.0168|bibcode = 1931RSPSA.133..565M }}|url=http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/c6188343042555vw/fulltext.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-10-25</ref> Taylor was primarily interested in the behavior of water droplets in strong electric fields, such as in thunderstorms.


After exposure in the stepper, the coated wafer is developed like photographic film, causing the photoresist to dissolve in certain areas according to the amount of light the areas received during exposure. These areas of photoresist and no photoresist reproduce the pattern on the reticle. The developed wafer is then exposed to acids or other chemicals. The acid etches away the silicon in the parts of the wafer that are no longer protected by the photoresist coating. The other chemicals are used to change the electrical characteristics of the silicon in the bare areas. The wafer is then cleaned, recoated with photoresist, then passed through the stepper again in a process that creates the circuit on the silicon, layer by layer. The entire process is called [[photolithography]] or photo engineering.
== Taylor cone formation ==
[[Image:Taylor cone.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|Electrospray diagram depicting the Taylor cone, jet and plume]]
When a small volume of electrically conductive liquid is exposed to an electric field, the shape of liquid starts to deform from the shape caused by surface tension alone. As the voltage is increased the effect of the electric field becomes more prominent and as it approaches exerting a similar amount of force on the droplet as the surface tension does a cone shape begins to form with convex sides and a rounded tip. This approaches the shape of a [[Cone (geometry)|cone]] with a whole angle (width) of 98.6°<ref>{{cite journal | author = Sir Geoffrey Taylor | year = 1964 | title = Disintegration of Water Droplets in an Electric Field | journal = [[Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_A#Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_A|Proc. Roy. Soc. London. Ser. A]] | volume = 280 | pages = 392  | issue = 1382 | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1964.0151 | jstor=2415876|bibcode = 1964RSPSA.280..383T }}</ref>. When a certain threshold voltage has been reached the slightly rounded tip inverts and emits a jet of liquid. This is called a cone-jet and is the beginning of the [[electrospray]]ing process in which ions may be transferred to the gas phase. It is generally found that in order to achieve a stable cone-jet a slightly higher than threshold voltage must be used. As the voltage is increased even more other modes of droplet disintegration are found. The term Taylor cone can specifically refer to the theoretical limit of a perfect cone of exactly  the predicted angle or generally refer to the approximately conical portion of a cone-jet after the electrospraying process has begun.


When the wafer is processed in the stepper, the pattern on the reticle (which may contain a number of individual chip patterns) is exposed repeatedly across the surface of the wafer in a grid. The stepper gets its name from the fact that it moves or "steps" the wafer from one shot location to another. This is accomplished by moving the wafer back and forth and left and right under the lens of the stepper. Previous generations of photolithographic equipment used to expose the entire wafer at once: a stepper, working on a limited area, is capable of higher resolution.
== Theory ==


As of 2008, the most detailed patterns in [[semiconductor device fabrication]] are transferred using a type of stepper called a scanner, which moves the wafer and reticle with respect to each other during the exposure, as a way of increasing the size of the exposed area and increasing the imaging performance of the lens.
Sir [[Geoffrey Ingram Taylor]] in 1964 described this phenomenon, theoretically derived based on general assumptions that the requirements to form a perfect cone under such conditions required a semi-vertical angle of 49.3° (a whole angle of 98.6°) and demonstrated that the shape of such a cone approached the theoretical shape just before jet formation.  This angle is known as the '''Taylor angle'''.  This angle is more precisely <math>\pi-\theta _0\,</math> where <math>\theta _0\,</math> is the first zero of <math>P _{1/2} (\cos\theta _0)\,</math> (the [[Legendre polynomial]] of order 1/2).


==Basic operation==
Taylor's derivation is based on two assumptions: (1) that the surface of the cone is an equipotential surface and (2) that the cone exists in a steady state equilibrium. To meet both of these criteria the electric field must have [[azimuth]]al symmetry and have <math>\sqrt{R}\,</math> dependence to counter the surface tension to produce the cone. The solution to this problem is:


The silicon wafers are coated with photoresist, and placed in a cassette or "boat" that holds a number of wafers. This is then placed in a part of the stepper called the '''wafer loader''', usually located at the lower front of the stepper.
:<math>V=V_0+AR^{1/2}P _{1/2} (\cos\theta _0)\,</math>


A [[robot]] in the wafer loader picks up one of the wafers from the cassette and loads it onto the '''wafer stage''' where it is aligned to enable another, finer alignment process that will occur later on.  
where <math>V=V_0\,</math> (equipotential surface) exists at a value of <math>\theta _0</math> (regardless of R) producing an equipotential cone.  The angle necessary for <math>V=V_0\,</math> for all R is a zero of <math>P _{1/2} (\cos\theta _0)\,</math> between 0 and <math>\pi\,</math> which there is only one at 130.7099°.  The complement of this angle is the Taylor angle.


The pattern of the circuitry for each chip is contained in a pattern etched in [[Chrome plating|chrome]] on the reticle, which is a plate of transparent [[quartz]]. A typical reticle used in steppers is 6 inches square and has a usable area of 104mm by 132mm.
== References ==
{{reflist}}


A variety of reticles, each appropriate for one stage in the process, are contained in a rack in the '''reticle loader''', usually located at the upper front of the stepper. Before the wafer is exposed a reticle is loaded onto the '''reticle stage''' by a robot, where it is also very precisely aligned. Since the same reticle can be used to expose many wafers, it is loaded once before a series of wafers is exposed, and is realigned periodically.
==External links==


Once the wafer and reticle are in place and aligned, the wafer stage, which is moved very precisely in the X and Y directions (front to back and left to right) by [[worm gear|worm screws]] or [[linear motor]]s, carries the wafer so that the first of the many patterns (or "shots") to be exposed on it is located below the lens, directly under the reticle.
[[Category:Mass spectrometry]]


Although the wafer is aligned after it is placed on the wafer stage, this alignment is not sufficient to ensure that the layer of circuitry to be printed onto the wafer exactly overlays previous layers already there. Therefore each shot is aligned using special alignment marks that are located in the pattern for each final IC chip. Once this fine alignment is completed, the shot is exposed by light from the stepper's '''illumination system''' that passes through the reticle, through a '''reduction lens''', and on to the surface of the wafer. A process program or "recipe" determines the length of the exposure, the reticle used, as well as other factors that affect the exposure.
[[de:Taylor-Kegel]]
 
[[it:Cono di Taylor]]
Each shot located in a grid pattern on the wafer is exposed in turn as the wafer is stepped back and forth under the lens. When all shots on the wafer are exposed, the wafer is unloaded by the wafer loader robot, and another wafer takes its place on the stage. The exposed wafer is eventually moved to a developer where the [[photoresist]] on its surface is exposed to developing chemicals that wash away areas of the photoresist, based on whether or not they were exposed to the light passing through the reticle. The developed surface is then subjected to other processes of [[photolithography]].
 
==Major subassemblies==
 
A typical stepper has the following subassemblies: wafer loader, wafer stage, wafer alignment system, reticle loader, reticle stage, reticle alignment system, reduction lens, and illumination system. Process programs for each layer printed on the wafer are executed by a control system centering on a computer that stores the process program, reads it, and communicates with the various subassemblies of the stepper in carrying out the program's instructions. The components of the stepper are contained in a sealed chamber that is maintained at a precise temperature to prevent distortions in the printed patterns that might be caused by expansion or contraction of the wafer due to temperature variations. The chamber also contains other systems that support the process, such as [[air conditioning]], [[power supply|power supplies]], control boards for the various electrical components, and others.
 
==Illumination and the challenges of improving resolution==
 
The greatest limitation on the ability to produce increasingly finer lines on the surface of the wafer has been the [[wavelength]] of the [[light]] used in the exposure system. As the required lines have become narrower and narrower, illumination sources producing light with progressively shorter wavelengths have been put into service in steppers and scanners.
 
The ability of an exposure system, such as a stepper, to resolve narrow lines is limited by the wavelength of the light used for illumination, the ability of the lens to capture light (or actually orders of [[diffraction]]) coming at increasingly wider angles (called [[numerical aperture]] or N.A.), and various improvements in the process itself. This is expressed by the following equation:
 
<center><math>\mathrm{CD}=k\frac{\lambda}{\mathrm{NA}}</math></center>
 
<math>\mathrm{CD}</math> is the critical dimension, or finest line resolvable, <math>k</math> is a [[coefficient]] expressing process-related factors, <math>\lambda</math> is the wavelength of the light, and <math>\mathrm{NA}</math> is the numerical aperture. Decreasing the wavelength of the light in the illumination system increases the resolving power of the stepper.
 
Twenty years ago, the [[ultraviolet]] "g-line" (436 nm) of the [[mercury (element)|mercury]] [[spectrum]] was used to create lines in the 750 nm range in steppers that employed mercury lamps as their illumination source. Several years later systems employing the "i-line" (365 nm) from mercury lamps were introduced to create lines as low as 350 nm. As the desired line widths approached and eventually became narrower than the wavelength of the light used to create them, a variety of [[resolution enhancement techniques]] were developed to make this possible, such as [[phase shifting]] reticles and various techniques for manipulating the angles of the exposure light in order to maximize the resolving power of the lens.
 
Eventually however, the desired line widths became narrower than what was possible using mercury lamps, and near the middle of the last decade, the semiconductor industry moved towards steppers that employed [[Krypton fluoride laser|krypton-fluoride]] (KrF) [[excimer laser]]s producing 248 nm light. Such systems are currently being used to produce lines in the 110 nm range. Lines as low as 32 nm are being resolved by production-capable steppers using [[argon]]-fluoride (ArF) excimer lasers that emit light with a wavelength of 193 nm. Although fluoride (F2) lasers are available that produce 157 nm light, they are not practical because of their low power and because they quickly degrade the materials used to make the lenses in the stepper.
 
Since practical light sources with wavelengths narrower than these lasers have not been available, manufacturers have sought to improve [[optical resolution|resolution]] by reducing the process coefficient <math>k</math>.  This is done by further improving techniques for manipulating the light as it passes through the illumination system and the reticle, as well as improving techniques for processing the wafer before and after exposure.  Manufacturers have also introduced ever larger and more expensive lenses as a means of increasing the numerical aperture. However, these techniques are approaching their practical limit, and line widths in the 45 nm range appear to be near the best that can be achieved with conventional design.
 
Ultimately, other sources of illumination will have to be put to use, such as [[electron beam]]s, [[x-ray]]s or similar sources of [[Electromagnetism|electromagnetic]] [[energy]] with wavelengths much shorter than visible light. However, in order to delay as long as possible the vast expense and difficulty of adopting a whole new type of illumination technology, manufacturers have turned to a technique, previously used in [[microscope]]s, for increasing the numerical aperture of the lens by allowing the light to pass through [[water]] instead of [[air]]. This method, called [[immersion lithography]], is the current cutting edge of practical production technology.  It works because numerical aperture is a function of the maximum angle of light that can enter the lens and the [[refractive index]] of the medium through which the light passes. When water is employed as the medium, it greatly increases numerical aperture, since it has a refractive index of 1.44 at 193nm, while air has an index of 1. Current production machines employing this technology are capable of resolving lines in the 32 nm range<ref>[http://www.fabtech.org/content/view/6156/ New Product: Carl Zeiss SMT’s ‘PROVE’ handles mask pattern alignment and registration at 32nm node - Fabtech - The online information source for semiconductor professionals<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, and may eventually be able to achieve lines of 30 nm.
 
== Scanners ==
Modern scanners are steppers that increase the length of the area exposed in each shot (the exposure field) by moving the reticle stage and wafer stage in opposite directions to each other during the exposure.  Instead of exposing the entire field at once, the exposure is made through an "exposure slit" that is as wide as the exposure field, but only a fraction of its length (such as a 9x25 mm slit for a 35x25 mm field).  The image from the exposure slit is scanned across the exposure area.
 
{|
|-
| [[Image:scanstartnew.gif|thumb|225px|Start of scan exposure]]
| [[Image:scanmidnew.gif|thumb|225px|Middle of scan exposure]]
| [[Image:scanendnew.gif|thumb|225px|End of scan exposure]]
|}
There are several benefits to this technique.  The field can be exposed with a lesser reduction of size from the reticle to the wafer (such as 4x reduction on a scanner, compared with 5x reduction on a stepper), while allowing a field size much larger than that which can be exposed with a typical stepper.  Also the optical properties of the projection lens can be optimized in the area through which the image of the projection slit passes, while optical aberrations can be ignored outside of this area, because they will not affect the exposed area on the wafer.
 
Successful scanning requires extremely precise synchronization between the moving reticle and wafer stages during the exposure. Accomplishing this presents many technological challenges.
 
== See also ==
 
* [[Stepping level]]
* [[Photolithography]]
* [[Semiconductor]]
* [[Integrated circuit]]
 
'''Stepper makers''':
* [[ASML Holding|ASML]]
* [[Ultratech, Inc.|Ultratech]]
* [[Nikon]]
* [[Canon (company)|Canon]]
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
[[Category:Lithography (microfabrication)]]
 
[[de:Stepper (Halbleitertechnik)]]
[[ja:ステッパー]]
[[ru:Степпер]]
[[zh:光刻机]]

Revision as of 11:07, 14 August 2014

Photograph of a meniscus of polyvinyl alcohol in aqueous solution showing a fibre drawn from a Taylor cone by the process of electrospinning.

A Taylor cone refers to the cone observed in electrospinning, electrospraying and hydrodynamic spray processes from which a jet of charged particles emanates above a threshold voltage. Aside from electrospray ionization in mass spectrometry the Taylor cone is important in FEEP and colloid thrusters used in fine control and high efficiency (low power) thrust of spacecraft.

History

This cone was described by Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor in 1964 before electrospray was "discovered".[1] This work followed on the work of Zeleny[2] who, in 1917, photographed a cone-jet of glycerine under high electric field and the work of several others: Wilson and Taylor (1925),[3] Nolan (1926)[4] and Macky (1931).[5] Taylor was primarily interested in the behavior of water droplets in strong electric fields, such as in thunderstorms.

Taylor cone formation

Electrospray diagram depicting the Taylor cone, jet and plume

When a small volume of electrically conductive liquid is exposed to an electric field, the shape of liquid starts to deform from the shape caused by surface tension alone. As the voltage is increased the effect of the electric field becomes more prominent and as it approaches exerting a similar amount of force on the droplet as the surface tension does a cone shape begins to form with convex sides and a rounded tip. This approaches the shape of a cone with a whole angle (width) of 98.6°[6]. When a certain threshold voltage has been reached the slightly rounded tip inverts and emits a jet of liquid. This is called a cone-jet and is the beginning of the electrospraying process in which ions may be transferred to the gas phase. It is generally found that in order to achieve a stable cone-jet a slightly higher than threshold voltage must be used. As the voltage is increased even more other modes of droplet disintegration are found. The term Taylor cone can specifically refer to the theoretical limit of a perfect cone of exactly the predicted angle or generally refer to the approximately conical portion of a cone-jet after the electrospraying process has begun.

Theory

Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor in 1964 described this phenomenon, theoretically derived based on general assumptions that the requirements to form a perfect cone under such conditions required a semi-vertical angle of 49.3° (a whole angle of 98.6°) and demonstrated that the shape of such a cone approached the theoretical shape just before jet formation. This angle is known as the Taylor angle. This angle is more precisely where is the first zero of (the Legendre polynomial of order 1/2).

Taylor's derivation is based on two assumptions: (1) that the surface of the cone is an equipotential surface and (2) that the cone exists in a steady state equilibrium. To meet both of these criteria the electric field must have azimuthal symmetry and have dependence to counter the surface tension to produce the cone. The solution to this problem is:

where (equipotential surface) exists at a value of (regardless of R) producing an equipotential cone. The angle necessary for for all R is a zero of between 0 and which there is only one at 130.7099°. The complement of this angle is the Taylor angle.

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

de:Taylor-Kegel it:Cono di Taylor

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    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

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    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

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    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

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    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  4. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  5. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang|url=http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/c6188343042555vw/fulltext.pdf%7Cformat=PDF%7Caccessdate=2007-10-25
  6. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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