Microcontinuity: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
en>Materialscientist
m Reverted edits by Mrburguz (talk) to last version by Tkuvho
en>Tkuvho
 
Line 1: Line 1:
In [[oceanography]], '''Ekman velocity''' – also referred as a kind of the residual ageostropic velocity as it derivates from [[geostrophy]] – is part of the total horizontal velocity ('''''u''''') in the upper layer of water of the open ocean. This velocity, caused by winds blowing over the surface of the ocean, is such that the [[Coriolis force]] on this layer is balanced by the force of the wind.


Typically, it takes about two days for the Ekman velocity before it is directed at right angles to the wind. The Ekman velocity is named after the Swedish oceanographer [[Vagn Walfrid Ekman]] (1874–1954).


==Theory==
A term policy for 20 years is likely to cost considerably more than that. We all know how important life insurance is; however due to its costs many choose to take the risk of not being covered. The sort of policy is called no health check term insurance and can be instantly processed. For more inforformation about our dental insurance quotes,click and get details. Depending on if the certificate was signed by a treating physician or the medical examiner may well determine what if any questions are raised by the [http://Search.huffingtonpost.com/search?q=insurance+carrier&s_it=header_form_v1 insurance carrier]. Before you settle with what a particular company is offering you, make sure that you read the contract and the fine print with regard to the kinds of life insurance policies so that you will be sure of what you are going to get and won't have any regrets once you have signed it. There are a lot of people who need the benefits provided by a term life insurance policy that could also benefit from a whole life policy.  <br><br>Therefore you are guaranteed to be able to obtain Over 50 Life Cover. If you cherished this write-up and you would like to obtain extra facts about termlifepolicy ([http://www.termlifepolicy.com/incorrect-insurance-information.html simply click the up coming document]) kindly visit our webpage. To receive Medicaid, your income must be less then what the federal government  considers poverty. This failing of "trust" has been evidenced by both the Veterans Administration and the Social Security Administration failing to use the "Rehabilitation Specialist's" expertise in the finding of "Claims Decision". It must be said, though, that these kinds of policies, are affordable only for the short-term. In scenario, if the owner dies, unfortunately, then the technique should be able to secure up the loss. Level death benefit with account value: The amount given is equivalent to the initial face value amount plus its gross account value. One more benefit is the fact that your life insurance Chico premiums remain level. <br><br>As far as the popularity of the insurance policy is concerned, the level term life insurance policy is on the top of the list. From the term itself, life insurance is a tool that provides protection for those kin who will be left out upon a loved one's passing. Insurance companies in the United States obey the Surgeon Generals Office of the United States and uphold "life", the American Medical Association, and the Food and Drug Administration. Whole life agents also claim you need life insurance for your whole life and whole life is the best option. Those were the ongoing expenses that we would now need to deal with and he didn't expect it to run 1000's of dollars per year until his younger daughter was 18 (not to mention college). The first two numbers are for bodily injury liability and the third number represents the minimum amount of property damage liability. You many get a coverage with a clause inserted saying that should you die of this sickness, there not be any settlement paid out. <br><br>Estate taxes are federal taxes placed upon any estate above a certain net worth. For example you may be waiting for the materialization of your bonds and savings in order to meet your short term cash flow requirements. Insurance coverage fraud can operate a broad spectrum from lying when implementing to faking a normal loss of life to aid members of the family out. On the other hand, whole life insurance lasts for a lifetime provided that the insured continually makes the payments on the policy. Quarterly payments are sometimes the most convenient option, because they allow you to save for a few months before sending payment. It is a safety net that can help you to get back on your feet and get on with lifestyle. Once the fixed period of premium payment is completed he can still continue paying the premiums by converting it into any usual life insurance policy. <br><br>The 30 year term policy is for people who look even further ahead. Refrain from investing through life insurance policies. Writing your life insurance in trust is normally a straightforward matter of filling in a form when you take out the policy and there is normally no charge for setting it up. However, the fact remains that these individuals are as normal as anyone else is. You have to ensure that you get a term insurance policy with fixed premium. Investment policies, such as whole life, universal life, or a variable life annuity, have the primary object of growing capital over a period of time with the added benefit of a defined benefit, again described above. You need to know what your debts are before getting life insurance.  <br><br>Also life insurance can also be made to cover unforeseen expenses and any emergency while ensuring the children's education expenses are provided and any tax payments after your death. 8% of the adults in Australia (Australian Health Survey, 2011-12). Those people who have a personal business can add life insurance to their normal insurance coverage plans. Or maybe can be used for something altogether happier an occurrence, your youngster going to college. Life insurance companies take this into account when they set their premium and cash benefits levels. It is horrible to think that you might leave debts behind. While quotations may be provided and an initial application made, it will be followed up with a personal visit. <br><br>You've seen these commercials for a $500,000 policy for only $21 a month, we all have, but then you wonder why yours is so much more expensive. Then we all eventually contact an insurance agent and want to talk about the subject of life insurance, because we just had our first child. Promptly reply to any correspondence without being reminded. One of the reasons for this, you will be pleased to hear, is because you do not need to have a medical as part of the underwriting process and it does not matter if you have any pre existing medical conditions that may have prevented you from taking out another type of life assurance like Level Term Assurance. That bailout of AIG also violated the [http://www.wired.com/search?query=Social+Security Social Security] Act and the FEMA Act, disproving the United States Senate understands prohibitions against organized crime. This means that these policies are not designed to protect the policy holder's family for their entire lifetime, but rather for a set amount of time. However, you can find plenty of term life insurance policies and providers who are willing to work with you, despite your age.
Through vertical eddy viscosity, winds act directly and frictionally on the [[Ekman layer]], which typically is the upper 50–100m in the ocean. The frictional surface flow ('''''u''''') is at an angle to the right of the wind (45 degrees if viscosity is uniform in the vertical ''z''-direction). This surface flow then modifies the flow slightly beneath it, which then is slightly more to the right, and finally the exponentially-weaker-with-depth flow vectors get weaker with depth (exponentially weaker), die down at around 50–100 meters, and finally form a spiral, called the [[Ekman spiral]]. The angle of each successive layer as we move downward through the spiral depends on the strength and vertical distribution of the vertical eddy viscosity.
 
When the contributions from all the vertical layers are added up – the integration of the velocity over depth, from the bottom to the top of the Ekman layer – the total "[[Ekman transport]]" is exactly 90 degrees to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere.
 
==Mathematical formulation==
Suppose [[geostrophic balance]] is achieved in the Ekman layer, and [[wind stress]] is applied at the water surface:
 
:<math>f\hat{\boldsymbol{z}}\times \boldsymbol{u}=-\nabla\phi+\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\tau}}{\partial z},</math>    (1)
 
where <math>\phi=p/\rho_0,\,</math> <math>\boldsymbol{\tau}</math> is the applied stress divided by <math>\rho_0\,</math> (the mean [[density]] of water in the Ekman layer)；<math>\hat{\boldsymbol{z}}</math> is the [[unit vector]] in the vertical direction (opposing the direction of [[gravity of Earth|gravity]]).
 
The definition of Ekman velocity is the difference between the total horizontal velocity (<math>\boldsymbol{u}</math>) and the [[geostrophic current|geostrophic velocity]] (<math>\boldsymbol{u}_g</math>):
 
:<math>\boldsymbol{u}_e=\boldsymbol{u}-\boldsymbol{u}_g.</math>    (2)
 
As the geostropic velocity (<math>\boldsymbol{u}_g</math>) is defined as
 
:<math>\boldsymbol{u}_g=\frac{1}{f}\hat{\boldsymbol{z}}\times\nabla\phi,</math>    (3)
 
therefore
 
:<math>f\hat{\boldsymbol{z}}\times\boldsymbol{u}_e=\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\tau}}{\partial z}</math>    (4)
 
or
 
:<math> \boldsymbol{u}_e=-\hat{\boldsymbol{z}}\times\Big(\frac{1}{f}\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\tau}}{\partial z}\Big). </math>    (5)
 
Next, the Ekman transport is obtained by integrating the Ekman velocity from the bottom level (<math>z=z_b\,</math>) – at which the Ekman velocity vanishes – to the surface (<math>z=z_t\,</math>).  
 
:<math> \boldsymbol{U}_e=\int_{z_b}^{z_t} \boldsymbol{u}_e\; dz=-\hat{\boldsymbol{z}}\times\Big(\frac{\boldsymbol{\tau}_t-\boldsymbol{\tau}_b}{f}\Big).</math>    (6)
 
The [[SI unit]] of Ekman transport is: m<sup>2</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup>, which is the horizontal velocity integrated in the vertical direction.
 
==Usage==
Based on Ekman theory and geostrophic dynamics, the analysis of near-surface currents, i.e. tropical Pacific near-surface currents, can be generated by using high resolution data of wind and altimeter sea level. The surface velocity is defined as the motion of a standard World Ocean Circulation Experiment/Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (WOCE/TOGA) 15m drogue drifter. Near-surface Ekman velocity can be estimated with variables which best represent the ageostrophic motion of the WOCE/TOGA 15m drogue drifters relative to the surface wind stress. Geostrophic velocities are calculated with sea level gradients which are derived from TOPEX/Poseidon sea surface height analyses (TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter sea level anomalies from along-track data is used here, interpolated to 1°X1°grid, spanning the domain of 25°N-25°S,90°E-290°E, during Oct1992-Sep1998).<ref>Fu, L., E. J. Christensen, C. A. Yamarone, M. Lefebvfe, Y. Menard, M. Dorer, and P. Escudier, 1994: [http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1994/94JC01761.shtml TOPEX/POSEIDON mission overview], J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,369-24,382.</ref> Geostrophic and Ekman velocity                                              are assumed to satisfy the lowest-order dynamics of the surface velocity, and they can be obtained independently from surface height and wind stress data. Standard ''f'' plan satisfies geostrophic balance, the lowest-order balance for quasi-steady circulation at higher latitudes.<ref>Pedlosky,J., [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FXs-uRSDBFYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Pedlosky,J.,+Geophysical+Fluid+Dynamics,+624+pp.,+Springer-Verlag,New+York,+1979.&ots=qkNIXx8nb3&sig=pJBlTJGOIUKafaVf6E7a09QB5mU#v=onepage&q&f=false Geophysical Fluid Dynamics], 624 pp., Springer-Verlag,New York, 1979.</ref> However, coriolis parameter ''f'' is close to zero near the equator, the geostropic balance is not satisfied as the velocity is proportional to the height gradiant divided by the coriolis parameter ''f''. It has been shown in many studies that beta plane geostrophic approximation involving the second derivative of surface height is in good agreement with the observed velocities in the equatorial undercurrent,<ref>Lukas, R., and E. Firing, 1984: [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0198014984900724 The geostrophic balance of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent], Deep Sea Res., Part A, 31, 61-66.</ref><ref>Picaut, J., S. P. Hayes, and M. J. McPhaden, 1989: [http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1989/JC094iC03p03228.shtml Use of the geostrophic approximation to estimate time-varying zonal currents at the equator], J. Geophys Res., 94, 3228-323.</ref> as a result, geostrophic currents which are near equator are obtained with a weighted blend of the equatorial beta-plane and conventional f-plane geostrophic equations.<ref>Lagerloef,G. S. E., G. Mitchum, R. Lukas and P. Niiler, 1999: [http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1999/1999JC900197.shtml Tropical Pacific near-surface currents estimated from altimeter, wind and drifter data], J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23,313-23,326.</ref>
 
A negative [[sea surface temperature]] (SST) anomaly prevails in the eastern equatorial Pacific from October to January. A zone of strong easterly Ekman flow propagates westward into the central Pacific basin near the date line during December–February. Relaxation of trade winds in the eastern coincided with the eastward propagation of the geostrophic flow east of 240°E (particularly in February), while westward currents dominated in the central and western equatorial region, which then reversal in the east, with weak local trade winds and weak [[upwelling]] along the coast, coincided with the onset of warm SST anomaly.(This anomaly first appeared off South America in March and April). Geostrophic current anomaly, like a Kelvin wave signature propagating eastward to South America between December and April can be easily discerned, and this arrival to South America also coincided with the above-mentioned SST anomaly onset. The geostrophic reversed in April to a strong eastward jet spanning the whole equatorial Pacific. As the [[El Niño]] SST anomaly developed during May and June, this eastward geostropic flow persisted.<ref name="Lagerloef">[http://www.esr.org/lagerloef/sfcV/sfcV.html El Nino Tropical Pacific Currents]</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[Ekman layer]]
*[[Ekman spiral]]
*[[Ekman transport]]
*[[Ekman number]]
 
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}
 
==References==
*{{citation |last=Pedlosky |first=J. |author-link=Joseph Pedlosky |year=1996 |title=Ocean Circulation Theory |publisher= Springer |edition=2nd |isbn=3-540-60489-8 |nopp=yes |pages=453 pp. }}
*{{citation |last=Salmon |first=R. |year=1998 |title=Lectures on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-510808-6 |nopp=yes |pages=378 pp. }}
*{{citation |last=Vallis |first=G. K. |year=2006 |title=Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-84969-1 |nopp=yes |pages=745 pp. }}
*{{citation |last1=Lagerloef |first1=G. S. E. |first2=G. | last2=Mitchum |first3=R. |last3=Lukas |first4=P. |last4=Niiler |year=1999 |title=Tropical Pacific near-surface currents estimated from altimeter, wind and drifter data |journal=J. Geophys. Res. |volume=104 |issue=C10 |pages=23,313–23,326 |doi=10.1029/1999JC900197 }}
* Fu, L., E. J. Christensen, C. A. Yamarone, M. Lefebvfe, Y. Menard, M. Dorer, and P. Escudier, 1994: TOPEX/POSEIDON mission overview, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,369-24,382，[[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1994/94JC01761.shtml 10.1029/94JC01761]
* Pedlosky,J., [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FXs-uRSDBFYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Pedlosky,J.,+Geophysical+Fluid+Dynamics,+624+pp.,+Springer-Verlag,New+York,+1979.&ots=qkNIXx8nb3&sig=pJBlTJGOIUKafaVf6E7a09QB5mU#v=onepage&q&f=false Geophysical Fluid Dynamics], 624 pp., Springer-Verlag,New York, 1979.
* Lukas, R., and E. Firing, 1984：The geostrophic balance of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 31, 61-66. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0198014984900724 10.1016/0198-0149(84)90072-4]
* Picaut, J., S. P. Hayes, and M. J. McPhaden, 1989：Use of the geostrophic approximation to estimate time-varying zonal currents at the equator, J. Geophys Res., 94, 3228-323. [[doi]]:[http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1989/JC094iC03p03228.shtml 10.1029/JC094iC03p03228]
 
==External links==
* [http://www-pord.ucsd.edu/~ltalley/sio210/dynamics_ekman/index.html  SIO 210: Introduction to Physical Oceanography – Dynamics IV: rotation and wind stress (Ekman layers) and other mixed layer topics]
* [http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/ocng_textbook/chapter09/chapter09_03.htm Chapter 9 – Response of the Upper Ocean to Winds – Ekman Mass Transports]
* [http://www.math.nyu.edu/caos_teaching/ocean_dynamics Ocean Dynamics – Spring 2005]
* [http://www.esr.org/lagerloef/sfcV/sfcV.html El Nino Tropical Pacific Currents]
 
[[Category:Oceanography]]

Latest revision as of 15:16, 13 November 2014


A term policy for 20 years is likely to cost considerably more than that. We all know how important life insurance is; however due to its costs many choose to take the risk of not being covered. The sort of policy is called no health check term insurance and can be instantly processed. For more inforformation about our dental insurance quotes,click and get details. Depending on if the certificate was signed by a treating physician or the medical examiner may well determine what if any questions are raised by the insurance carrier. Before you settle with what a particular company is offering you, make sure that you read the contract and the fine print with regard to the kinds of life insurance policies so that you will be sure of what you are going to get and won't have any regrets once you have signed it. There are a lot of people who need the benefits provided by a term life insurance policy that could also benefit from a whole life policy.

Therefore you are guaranteed to be able to obtain Over 50 Life Cover. If you cherished this write-up and you would like to obtain extra facts about termlifepolicy (simply click the up coming document) kindly visit our webpage. To receive Medicaid, your income must be less then what the federal government considers poverty. This failing of "trust" has been evidenced by both the Veterans Administration and the Social Security Administration failing to use the "Rehabilitation Specialist's" expertise in the finding of "Claims Decision". It must be said, though, that these kinds of policies, are affordable only for the short-term. In scenario, if the owner dies, unfortunately, then the technique should be able to secure up the loss. Level death benefit with account value: The amount given is equivalent to the initial face value amount plus its gross account value. One more benefit is the fact that your life insurance Chico premiums remain level.

As far as the popularity of the insurance policy is concerned, the level term life insurance policy is on the top of the list. From the term itself, life insurance is a tool that provides protection for those kin who will be left out upon a loved one's passing. Insurance companies in the United States obey the Surgeon Generals Office of the United States and uphold "life", the American Medical Association, and the Food and Drug Administration. Whole life agents also claim you need life insurance for your whole life and whole life is the best option. Those were the ongoing expenses that we would now need to deal with and he didn't expect it to run 1000's of dollars per year until his younger daughter was 18 (not to mention college). The first two numbers are for bodily injury liability and the third number represents the minimum amount of property damage liability. You many get a coverage with a clause inserted saying that should you die of this sickness, there not be any settlement paid out.

Estate taxes are federal taxes placed upon any estate above a certain net worth. For example you may be waiting for the materialization of your bonds and savings in order to meet your short term cash flow requirements. Insurance coverage fraud can operate a broad spectrum from lying when implementing to faking a normal loss of life to aid members of the family out. On the other hand, whole life insurance lasts for a lifetime provided that the insured continually makes the payments on the policy. Quarterly payments are sometimes the most convenient option, because they allow you to save for a few months before sending payment. It is a safety net that can help you to get back on your feet and get on with lifestyle. Once the fixed period of premium payment is completed he can still continue paying the premiums by converting it into any usual life insurance policy.

The 30 year term policy is for people who look even further ahead. Refrain from investing through life insurance policies. Writing your life insurance in trust is normally a straightforward matter of filling in a form when you take out the policy and there is normally no charge for setting it up. However, the fact remains that these individuals are as normal as anyone else is. You have to ensure that you get a term insurance policy with fixed premium. Investment policies, such as whole life, universal life, or a variable life annuity, have the primary object of growing capital over a period of time with the added benefit of a defined benefit, again described above. You need to know what your debts are before getting life insurance.

Also life insurance can also be made to cover unforeseen expenses and any emergency while ensuring the children's education expenses are provided and any tax payments after your death. 8% of the adults in Australia (Australian Health Survey, 2011-12). Those people who have a personal business can add life insurance to their normal insurance coverage plans. Or maybe can be used for something altogether happier an occurrence, your youngster going to college. Life insurance companies take this into account when they set their premium and cash benefits levels. It is horrible to think that you might leave debts behind. While quotations may be provided and an initial application made, it will be followed up with a personal visit.

You've seen these commercials for a $500,000 policy for only $21 a month, we all have, but then you wonder why yours is so much more expensive. Then we all eventually contact an insurance agent and want to talk about the subject of life insurance, because we just had our first child. Promptly reply to any correspondence without being reminded. One of the reasons for this, you will be pleased to hear, is because you do not need to have a medical as part of the underwriting process and it does not matter if you have any pre existing medical conditions that may have prevented you from taking out another type of life assurance like Level Term Assurance. That bailout of AIG also violated the Social Security Act and the FEMA Act, disproving the United States Senate understands prohibitions against organized crime. This means that these policies are not designed to protect the policy holder's family for their entire lifetime, but rather for a set amount of time. However, you can find plenty of term life insurance policies and providers who are willing to work with you, despite your age.

Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Microcontinuity&oldid=269493"