Minimum degree spanning tree

Schematic representation of difference in grain shape. Two parameters are shown: sphericity (vertical) and rounding (horizontal).

Sphericity is a measure of how spherical (round) an object is. As such, it is a specific example of a compactness measure of a shape. Defined by Wadell in 1935, the sphericity, $\Psi$, of a particle is: the ratio of the surface area of a sphere (with the same volume as the given particle) to the surface area of the particle:

$\Psi ={\frac {\pi ^{\frac {1}{3}}(6V_{p})^{\frac {2}{3}}}{A_{p}}}$

where $V_{p}$ is volume of the particle and $A_{p}$ is the surface area of the particle. The sphericity of a sphere is 1 and, by the isoperimetric inequality, any particle which is not a sphere will have sphericity less than 1.

Ellipsoidal objects

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In 12 months 2013, c ommercial retails, shoebox residences and mass market properties continued to be the celebrities of the property market. Models are snapped up in report time and at document breaking prices. Builders are having fun with overwhelming demand and patrons need more. We feel that these segments of the property market are booming is a repercussion of the property cooling measures no.6 and no. 7. With additional buyer's stamp responsibility imposed on residential properties, buyers change their focus to commercial and industrial properties. I imagine every property purchasers need their property funding to understand in value. The sphericity, $\Psi$, of an oblate spheroid (similar to the shape of the planet Earth) is:

$\Psi ={\frac {\pi ^{\frac {1}{3}}(6V_{p})^{\frac {2}{3}}}{A_{p}}}={\frac {2{\sqrt[{3}]{ab^{2}}}}{a+{\frac {b^{2}}{\sqrt {a^{2}-b^{2}}}}\ln {({\frac {a+{\sqrt {a^{2}-b^{2}}}}{b}})}}},$

where a and b are the semi-major and semi-minor axes respectively.

Derivation

Hakon Wadell defined sphericity as the surface area of a sphere of the same volume as the particle divided by the actual surface area of the particle.

First we need to write surface area of the sphere, $A_{s}$ in terms of the volume of the particle, $V_{p}$

$A_{s}^{3}=\left(4\pi r^{2}\right)^{3}=4^{3}\pi ^{3}r^{6}=4\pi \left(4^{2}\pi ^{2}r^{6}\right)=4\pi \cdot 3^{2}\left({\frac {4^{2}\pi ^{2}}{3^{2}}}r^{6}\right)=36\pi \left({\frac {4\pi }{3}}r^{3}\right)^{2}=36\,\pi V_{p}^{2}$

therefore

$A_{s}=\left(36\,\pi V_{p}^{2}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}=36^{\frac {1}{3}}\pi ^{\frac {1}{3}}V_{p}^{\frac {2}{3}}=6^{\frac {2}{3}}\pi ^{\frac {1}{3}}V_{p}^{\frac {2}{3}}=\pi ^{\frac {1}{3}}\left(6V_{p}\right)^{\frac {2}{3}}$

hence we define $\Psi$ as:

$\Psi ={\frac {A_{s}}{A_{p}}}={\frac {\pi ^{\frac {1}{3}}\left(6V_{p}\right)^{\frac {2}{3}}}{A_{p}}}$

Sphericity of common objects

Name	Picture	Volume	Area	Sphericity
Platonic Solids
tetrahedron		${\frac {\sqrt {2}}{12}}\,s^{3}$	${\sqrt {3}}\,s^{2}$	$\left({\frac {\pi }{6{\sqrt {3}}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}\approx 0.671$
cube (hexahedron)		$\,s^{3}$	$6\,s^{2}$	$\left({\frac {\pi }{6}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}\approx 0.806$
octahedron		${\frac {1}{3}}{\sqrt {2}}\,s^{3}$	$2{\sqrt {3}}\,s^{2}$	$\left({\frac {\pi }{3{\sqrt {3}}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}\approx 0.846$
dodecahedron		${\frac {1}{4}}\left(15+7{\sqrt {5}}\right)\,s^{3}$	$3{\sqrt {25+10{\sqrt {5}}}}\,s^{2}$	$\left({\frac {\left(15+7{\sqrt {5}}\right)^{2}\pi }{12\left(25+10{\sqrt {5}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}\approx 0.910$
icosahedron		${\frac {5}{12}}\left(3+{\sqrt {5}}\right)\,s^{3}$	$5{\sqrt {3}}\,s^{2}$	$\left({\frac {\left(3+{\sqrt {5}}\right)^{2}\pi }{60{\sqrt {3}}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}\approx 0.939$
Round Shapes
ideal cone $(h=2{\sqrt {2}}r)$		${\frac {1}{3}}\pi \,r^{2}h$ $={\frac {2{\sqrt {2}}}{3}}\pi \,r^{3}$	$\pi \,r(r+{\sqrt {r^{2}+h^{2}}})$ $=4\pi \,r^{2}$	$\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}\approx 0.794$
hemisphere (half sphere)		${\frac {2}{3}}\pi \,r^{3}$	$3\pi \,r^{2}$	$\left({\frac {16}{27}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}\approx 0.840$
ideal cylinder $(h=2\,r)$		$\pi r^{2}h=2\pi \,r^{3}$	$2\pi r(r+h)=6\pi \,r^{2}$	$\left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}\approx 0.874$
ideal torus $(R=r)$		$2\pi ^{2}Rr^{2}=2\pi ^{2}\,r^{3}$	$4\pi ^{2}Rr=4\pi ^{2}\,r^{2}$	$\left({\frac {9}{4\pi }}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}\approx 0.894$
sphere		${\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}$	$4\pi \,r^{2}$	$1\,$

Sphericity in statistics

In statistical analyses, sphericity relates to the equality of the variances of the differences between levels of the repeated measures factor. Sphericity requires that the variances for each set of difference scores are equal. A sufficient (but not necessary) condition for sphericity is that the variances of the sets of scores are equal and the covariances of the sets of scores are equal. This is an assumption of an ANOVA with a repeated measures factor, where violations of this assumption can invalidate the analysis conclusions. Mauchly's sphericity test is one of the statistical tests used to evaluate sphericity.

See also

• Rounding (sediment)
• Sphericity scale

References

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External links

• How round is your circle?
• Grain Morphology: Roundness, Surface Features, and Sphericity of Grains