Mixing (mathematics)

In mathematics and signal processing, the advanced Z-transform is an extension of the Z-transform, to incorporate ideal delays that are not multiples of the sampling time. It takes the form

F(z,m)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }f(kT+m)z^{-k}

where

It is also known as the modified Z-transform.

The advanced Z-transform is widely applied, for example to accurately model processing delays in digital control.

Properties

If the delay parameter, m, is considered fixed then all the properties of the Z-transform hold for the advanced Z-transform.

{\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\sum _{k=1}^{n}c_{k}f_{k}(t)\right\}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}c_{k}F(z,m).

{\mathcal {Z}}\left\{u(t-nT)f(t-nT)\right\}=z^{-n}F(z,m).

{\mathcal {Z}}\left\{f(t)e^{-a\,t}\right\}=e^{-a\,m}F(e^{a\,T}z,m).

{\mathcal {Z}}\left\{t^{y}f(t)\right\}=\left(-Tz{\frac {d}{dz}}+m\right)^{y}F(z,m).

\lim _{k\to \infty }f(kT+m)=\lim _{z\to 1}(1-z^{-1})F(z,m).

Consider the following example where $f(t)=\cos(\omega t)$

{\begin{aligned}F(z,m)=&{\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\cos \left(\omega \left(kT+m\right)\right)\right\}\\=&{\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\cos(\omega kT)\cos(\omega m)-\sin(\omega kT)\sin(\omega m)\right\}\\=&\cos(\omega m){\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\cos(\omega kT)\right\}-\sin(\omega m){\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\sin(\omega kT)\right\}\\=&\cos(\omega m){\frac {z\left(z-\cos(\omega T)\right)}{z^{2}-2z\cos(\omega T)+1}}-\sin(\omega m){\frac {z\sin(\omega T)}{z^{2}-2z\cos(\omega T)+1}}\\=&{\frac {z^{2}\cos(\omega m)-z\cos(\omega (T-m))}{z^{2}-2z\cos(\omega T)+1}}\end{aligned}}

.

If $m=0$ then $F(z,m)$ reduces to the Z-transform

F(z,0)={\frac {z^{2}-z\cos(\omega T)}{z^{2}-2z\cos(\omega T)+1}}

which is clearly just the Z-transform of $f(t).$

Eliahu Ibraham Jury, Theory and Application of the Z-Transform Method, Krieger Pub Co, 1973. ISBN 0-88275-122-0.