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| {{Taxobox
| | == family gossips he was born not out of it == |
| | name = Channel catfish
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| | image =Ictalurus_punctatus.jpg
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| | image_width = 250px
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| | status = NE
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| | status_system = iucn3.1
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| | regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| | classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
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| | ordo = [[Siluriformes]]
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| | familia = [[Ictaluridae]]
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| | genus = ''[[Ictalurus]]''
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| | species = '''''I. punctatus'''''
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| | binomial = ''Ictalurus punctatus''
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| | binomial_authority = ([[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Rafinesque]], 1818)
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| }}
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| '''Channel catfish''', '''''Ictalurus punctatus''''', is [[North America]]'s most numerous [[catfish]] species. It is the official fish of [[Missouri]], [[Iowa]], [[Nebraska]], [[Kansas]], and [[Tennessee]], and is informally referred to as a "channel cat". In the [[United States]], they are the most fished catfish species with approximately 8 million anglers targeting them per year. The popularity of channel catfish for food has contributed to the rapid growth of [[aquaculture]] of this species in the United States.<ref name = "Keenan">[http://arxiv.org/pdf/1102.4623 Length, Weight, and Yield in Channel Catfish, Lake Diane, MI.] E. Keenan, S. Warner, A. Crowe, M. Courtney. (2011). Cornell University Library.</ref><ref name = "Carlander">Carlander K.D. 1969. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology, volume 1., The Iowa State University Press, Ames. Iowa.</ref> | | 'Not the same, lost several head of cattle. We do not participate not lah.'<br><br>'cow was not any building [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-4.html ケイトスペード 時計 取り扱い店] accounts, the director how you let me find ah, but not the child lost.'<br><br>'Ai Ai, director of words can not be said that the child was lost, gossips several ...... which cattle can regenerate lost friends, family [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html ケイトスペードのバッグ] gossips he was born not out of it, are anxious with sawed.'<br><br>'Well, well, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-13.html ケイトスペード ママバッグ] I'll go back tomorrow ......'<br><br>'Then we wait for you ah ......'<br>hung up the phone when<br>over sin, 安嘉璐 early laughed out of breath, a long while to react, smiled and asked more than sin: 'This is your police?'<br><br>'that do not, fire, forest, incidentally to [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-0.html ケイトスペード 人気 財布] the people to find the animals, the way to help fight the gossips talk about science, basic so much ...... I really have to go back, out strolled a few days, not quasi-chaos into what [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-14.html kate spade マザーズバッグ] like it. 'I sin road.<br><br>An Jialu a smile out of the car, waved goodbye, she saw I got sin shake windows, poured over the car, stepping on the throttle acceleration, without looking |
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| ==Distribution and habitat== | | == have yellow robe monks in the first protracted == |
| [[Image:Ictalurus punctatus1.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Channel catfish, ''Ictalurus punctatus'']]
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| Channel catfish are native to the [[Nearctic]], being well distributed in lower Canada and the eastern and northern United States, as well as parts of northern [[Mexico]]. They have also been introduced into some waters of [[Czech Republic|landlocked]] [[Romania|Europe]] and parts of [[Malaysia]] and almost as many parts of Indonesia.<ref name="umich">[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ictalurus_punctatus.html Animal Diversity Web], Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (retrieved 22 Aug 2010)</ref> They thrive in small and large rivers, [[reservoir (water)|reservoirs]], natural lakes, and ponds. Channel "cats" are cavity nesters, meaning they lay their eggs in crevices, hollows, or debris, to protect them from swift currents.<ref>[http://www.gameandfishmag.com/fishing/catfish-fishing/RA_0606_06/ Understanding the catfish spawn], gameandfishmag.com</ref> In Canada, the species is largely, though not exclusively, limited to the [[Great Lakes]] watershed from [[Lake Nipigon]] southward.
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| ==Characteristics==
| | The kind of feeling.<br><br>Temple sort, not deep foundation for a culture of the viewer, at most, to see the towering spire and a large [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-1.html ケイトスペード マザーズバッグ] bluestone steps millstone praise a lot, where the flow is inward convergence of the hospital's main hall, two people walking also followed the crowd into it, there was a good development, gleaming golden Buddha body solemn silence, break and full of smoky incense furnace, gentle Buddhist chant filled the crisp ear, Lin Yujing feeling as if something like Dayton, to learn those pilgrims knock a song in front of the Buddha, burning a column.<br><br>have yellow robe monks in the first protracted, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-0.html ケイトスペード バッグ] distributing the incense sticks to the pilgrims [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-3.html ケイトスペード リボン バッグ] who stopped over sin not, and, Lin Yujing have picked up few of thick incense sticks, lit not, respectfully inserted in the censer, and listening Zhike Monk spell [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-12.html ケイトスペード ハンドバッグ] as singing, she respectfully knock three heads, hands clasped together, I do not know what prayer.<br><br>'Oh, this stupid bitch, but also Aizai.' I heart underground passage with the crime, but was Lin Yujing so [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html ケイトスペードニューヨーク 財布] solemn expression infected, do not want to destroy her mood. Replaced a police uniform forest sister, still not the kind of faded Sa |
| [[File:Chuck The Channel Cat - Catfish Statue - Selkirk Manitoba.jpg|thumb|right|''Chuck the Channel catfish'', 1986 roadside sculpture in [[Selkirk, Manitoba]] [[Canada]]]]
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| Channel catfish possess very keen senses of smell and taste. {{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} At the pits of their [[nostrils]] (nares) are very sensitive odor sensing organs with a very high concentration of [[olfactory receptor]]s. {{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} In channel catfish, these organs are sensitive enough to detect several [[amino acid]]s at about one part per 100 million in water. {{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} In addition, the channel catfish has taste buds distributed over the surface of its entire body. {{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} These buds are especially concentrated on the fish's four pair of [[Barbel (anatomy)|barbels]] (whiskers) surrounding the mouth — about 25 buds per square millimeter. {{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} This combination of exceptional senses of taste and smell allows the channel catfish to find food in dark, stained, or muddy water with relative ease. {{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}
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| ==Length and weight==
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| [[File:CCatfish.png|350px | right | thumb | Weight vs. length for Channel Catfish, where b = 3.2293 and <math>L_1 = 45.23</math> cm.<ref name = "Keenan" /><ref>R. O. Anderson and R. M. Neumann, Length, Weight, and Associated Structural Indices, in Fisheries Techniques, second edition, B.E. Murphy and D.W. Willis, eds., American Fisheries Society, 1996.</ref>]] | | <li>[http://www.10wuben.com/plus/feedback.php?aid=25 http://www.10wuben.com/plus/feedback.php?aid=25]</li> |
| A member of the ''[[Ictalurus]]'' genus of American catfishes, channel catfish have a top-end size of about 40–50 pounds (18–23 kg). The world record channel catfish weighed 58 pounds, and was taken from the Santee-Cooper Reservoir in South Carolina, on July 7, 1964. Realistically, a channel catfish over 20 lb (9 kg) is a spectacular specimen, and most catfish anglers view a 10-lb (4.5-kg) fish as a very admirable catch. Furthermore, the average size channel catfish an angler could expect to find in most waterways would be between two and four pounds.
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| Channel catfish will often coexist in the same waterways with its close relative, the [[blue catfish]], which is somewhat less common, but tends to grow much larger (with several specimens confirmed to weight above 100 lb).
| | == you see ......' and a stunned authentic forward. == |
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| As channel catfish grow longer, they increase in weight. The relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between length (L, in cm) and weight (W, in kg) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form:
| | And looked at, so you cry enough, since a go to raise money go.<br><br>payments still continue, but this scene is disrupted by sudden dark pickpockets Department temporarily has no chance, several mysterious [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-12.html kate spade 長財布] man shook his head gestured, calmly [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-15.html ケイトスペード クラッチバッグ] exit the scene.<br><br>'Damn, who's here to let snatch coming?' an authentic tall angry.<br><br>'is a hard idea was a good draw knife.' Another judge Road, see the package being opened hole, sort of a [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-6.html ケイトスペード 財布 セール] small, half shape, very professional.<br><br>'Brother, you see ......' and a stunned authentic forward.<br><br>would appear now dead brother cried approach, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-2.html ケイトスペード トートバッグ] is the door to diplomacy and another in the ear of the head knot, while another is the station to exit the owner just getting around rude person.<br><br>'Damn, maybe actually a gang?' lead suddenly understand, look silly, crying approach to attract attention, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-3.html ケイトスペード リボン バッグ] then the owner to take advantage of 'absence' to start, or they can be chosen to give up the election goal, let him have a serious frustration. |
| :<math>W = (L/L_1)^b\!\,</math> | | 相关的主题文章： |
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| Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, <math>L_1</math> is the length of a typical fish weighing 1 kg. For channel catfish, b = 3.2293, somewhat higher than for many common species, and <math>L_1 = 45.23</math> cm.<ref name= "Keenan" />
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| ==Behavior== | | , Wei [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-9.html ケイトスペード 財布 値段] Jincheng is a mysterious smile, and I looked very mysterious crime, obscure authentic with: 'I advise you one, do not know you listen.'<br><br>'Nonsense, I came to ask you to come.' I sin road.<br><br>'. then farther away from Xinghai investment,' Wei Jincheng cautiously authentic look silly daze over the crime, he added with: 'Xinghai investment real estate are subordinate Xinghai Xinghai Group, Ji Tiger camp got a piece of land a year ago, when they can not even office locations are not, on this approval directly sold to Jinda coal, sold a four-point hundreds of millions ...... real boss, I do not know who he is, but the [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html ケイトスペードニューヨーク 財布] state-owned enterprises do business, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html ケイトスペード 財布 通販] it is not generally people ...... Now you see, is suddenly set of [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-11.html ケイトスペードニューヨーク 財布] funds, they may also have a big move ...... at least I know that strong sales of coal a few years, they forcibly shares, and can be more than a coal mine, but they do not do real business, and short-term speculation, today shares, [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-5.html ケイトスペード 財布 ゴールド] sale of shares ......... tomorrow you say how much they earn? then stake in the mine, but of millions of units. '<br><br>hissing, I |
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| ===Feeding=== | | == the ideal and the reality of what it is like == |
| Catfish have enhanced capabilities of taste perception, hence called the “swimming tongue”, due to the presence of taste buds all over the external body surface and inside the oropharyngeal cavity. <ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016622369390152C#</ref> Specifically, they have high sensitivity to amino acids, which explains their unique communication methods as explained below.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016622369390152C#</ref> The catfish has a facial taste system that is extremely responsive to L-alanine and L-arginine. <ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016622369390152C#</ref> More specifically, their facial taste system senses heightened levels of L-amino acids in freshwater. <ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016622369390152C#</ref> Feeding behavior to food is due to amino acids released by food. <ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016622369390152C#</ref> It is reported that this causes maxillary and mandibular barbell movements, which orient the catfish’s posture and food search. <ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016622369390152C#</ref> When the food stimulates the taste receptors, it causes more excitation which see as exaggerated biting, turning, or mastication.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016622369390152C#</ref>
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| ===Communication===
| | System programs. '<br><br>'Do you believe that thing? not how to tinker with the quasi below, but just did not grab the wrong, that is a good [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-8.html ハンドバッグ ケイトスペード] thing.' political commissar of the road.<br><br>joking, deliberately avoided [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-3.html ケイトスペード リボン バッグ] the topic, the ideal and the reality of what it is like, well versed in the dark road in the eyes of these people, and no one knows better than them.<br><br>This time had come but it is an annual endowed and technical professional training! thing, most of the functions of the former Provincial Criminal Investigation Corps after classified ministries Xing [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-2.html 時計 ケイトスペード] Zhenchu, the Corps is [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-10.html ケイトスペード 財布 セール] responsible for training 丨 work plan, a list of personnel, training within丨 Yung, a thick stack placed on the 许平秋 desk.<br>They leave after<br>, Xu Pingqiu cursory glance, thrown aside, he could see these things in previous years, paste the copied text to change the time to re-print, in addition to wasting office supplies, there is no effect. His heart was tugging other [http://www.dmwai.com/webalizer/kate-spade-1.html ケイトスペード 財布 店舗] things, check the phone, this phone direct dial to the ancient village County Public Security Bureau 顾尚涛 phone.<br><br>'Hey, I ministries Xing Zhenchu Xu Pingqiu.' |
| The channel catfish is adapted to limited light conditions.<ref name="[5] Trauma Comm. in Catfish">{{cite journal|last=Jamzadeh|first=Mehrnaz|title=Trauma Communication in Channel Catfish|journal=Chemical Signals in Vertebrates|year=1992|volume=6}}</ref> Members of the genus [[Ictalurus]], which inhabit muddy waters, do not depend solely on visual cues. Instead, they are known to rely heavily on chemotaxic cues. Sound production may be another important means of communication among channel catfish and other species living in [[turbid]] habitats.<ref name="[7] Vance, variability in stridulation">{{cite journal|last=Vance|first=Theresa|title=Variability in stridulatory sound production in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus|journal=Bios|year=2000|volume=71|issue=3|pages=79-84}}</ref>
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| ====Chemical communication====
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| The North American channel catfish is an [[ostariophysan]], or a bony fish occupying a freshwater habitat.<ref name="[5] Trauma Comm. in Catfish" /> These fishes are known to produce club cells and alarm substances for communication purposes. Both the fish’s habitat and the presence of [[chemosensory]] cells covering the body are presumably the results of favored selection for this method of communication.<ref name="[5] Trauma Comm. in Catfish" /> Catfishes are capable of producing and recognizing individual specific [[pheromones]]. Through these pheromones, a catfish can identify not only the species and sex of a [[conspecific]], but also its age, size, reproductive state, or [[hierarchical]] social status.<ref name="[5] Trauma Comm. in Catfish" />
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| Territoriality in channel catfish is identifiable by a change in body odor, which is recognizable by other members of the same species.<ref name="[5] Trauma Comm. in Catfish" /> This chemical change in the amino acid composition of the skin mucus can be noted by [[chromatography|chromatographic methods]], and are not long-lasting; rather, they last only long enough to communicate to other fish in the vicinity.<ref name="[5] Trauma Comm. in Catfish" /> Changes may be the result of the release of the contents of the club cells. These cells do not open directly to the surface of the skin, but injury caused by fighting and other agonistic behaviors may release the cells’ contents.<ref name="[5] Trauma Comm. in Catfish" /> Since catfish have a dominance [[hierarchy]] system, information relative to the change of status of any fish is important in recognition of the social strata.<ref name="[5] Trauma Comm. in Catfish" />
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| ====Distinction between a communication signal and an information signal====
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| | | </ul> |
| In the channel catfish, while a communication signal is directed toward the receiver and contains a specific message, an information signal is a part of the general existence of the individual or the group.<ref name="[5] Trauma Comm. in Catfish" /> For example, release of an alarm signal will communicate danger, but the individual’s recognition odor is only an information signal identifying one fish from another.<ref name="[5] Trauma Comm. in Catfish" /> With regards to the function and contents of the club cells, it is reasonable to suggest that the club cells serve different functions throughout the fish’s life cycle. Variation in the contents of the club cells’ information signals therefore may change with the species’ needs at different stages of life.<ref name="[5] Trauma Comm. in Catfish" />
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| ====Sound production====
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| All species of catfishes can generate sound through [[stridulation]], and many produce sounds through drumming.<ref name="[10] Ladich - sound generating mechs">{{cite journal|last=Ladich|first=Friedrich|coauthors=Michael J. Fine|title=Sound-Generating Mechanisms in Fishes: a Unique Diversity in Vertebrates|journal=Communication in Fishes|year=2006|volume=1|pages=3-43}}</ref> Stridulation consists of the clicking or grinding of bony parts on the fish’s pectoral fins and pectoral girdle, and [[drumming]] consists of the contraction of specialized sonic muscles with subsequent reverberation through the swimbladder.<ref name="[7] Vance, variability in stridulation" /> Variability in the sound signals created by the channel catfish depends on the mechanism by which the sound is produced, the function of the resultant sound, and physical factors such as sex, age, and temperature.<ref name="[7] Vance, variability in stridulation" /> This variation may result in increased complexity of the outgoing signal and may allow for increased usefulness of the signal in interspecies communication.<ref name="[7] Vance, variability in stridulation" /> In the channel catfish, sounds are produced only by pectoral stridulation, as this species does not express sonic muscles.<ref name="[7] Vance, variability in stridulation" /> However, the [[swimbladder]] may still be used to help with [[audition]].<ref name="[10] Ladich - sound generating mechs">{{cite journal|last=Ladich|first=Friedrich|coauthors=Michael J. Fine|title=Sound-Generating Mechanisms in Fishes: a Unique Diversity in Vertebrates|journal=Communication in Fishes|year=2006|volume=1|pages=3-43}}</ref>
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| Due to the high density of water, sound travels 4.8 times faster and over longer distances underwater than in air. Consequently, sound production via [[stridulation]] is an excellent means of underwater communication for channel catfish.<ref name="[7] Vance, variability in stridulation" /> The pectoral spine of the channel catfish is an enlarged fin ray with a slightly modified base that forms a complex articulation with several bones of the [[pectoral girdle]].<ref name="[9] Fine - Pectoral spine locking">{{cite journal|last=Fine|first=Michael|coauthors=et al.|title=Pectoral Spine Locking and Sound Production in the Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus|journal=Copeia|year=1997|volume=1997|issue=4|pages=777-790}}</ref> Unlike the other pectoral fin rays, the individual fin segments of the spine are [[hypertrophy|hypertrophied]] and fused, except for at the distal tip. The surface of the spine is often ornamented with a serrated edge and venomous tissues, designed to deter predators.<ref name="[9] Fine - Pectoral spine locking">{{cite journal|last=Fine|first=Michael|coauthors=et al.|title=Pectoral Spine Locking and Sound Production in the Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus|journal=Copeia|year=1997|volume=1997|issue=4|pages=777-790}}</ref><ref name="[8] Ladich - Agonistic Behavior and sound">{{cite journal|last=Ladich|first=Friedrich|coauthors=Arthur A. Myrberg Jr.|title=Agonistic Behavior and Acoustic Communication|journal=Communication in Fishes|year=2006|volume=1|pages=121-148}}</ref> Sounds produced during fin [[abductor muscle|abduction]] result from the movement of the base of the [[fish anatomy|pectoral spine]] across the pectoral girdle channel.<ref name="[7] Vance, variability in stridulation" /> Each sweep of sound consists of a number of discrete pulses created by the ridges lining the base of the pectoral spine as they pass over the rough surface of the girdle’s channel.<ref name="[7] Vance, variability in stridulation" /> The stridulation sounds are extremely variable due to the range and flexibility of motion in fin use.<ref name="[9] Fine - Pectoral spine locking">{{cite journal|last=Fine|first=Michael|coauthors=et al.|title=Pectoral Spine Locking and Sound Production in the Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus|journal=Copeia|year=1997|volume=1997|issue=4|pages=777-790}}</ref> Different sounds may be used for different functions in communication, such as in behavior towards predators and in asserting dominance.<ref name="[8] Ladich - Agonistic Behavior and sound" />
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| In many channel catfish, as in humans, individuals favor one fin or another for stridulatory sound production (in the same way as humans are right-handed or left-handed).<ref name="[6] Fine - lateralization of stridulation">{{cite journal|last=Fine|first=Michael L.|title=Lateralization of Pectoral Stridulation Sound Production in the Channel Catfish|journal=Physiology and Behavior|year=1996|volume=60|issue=3|pages=753-757}}</ref> The first ray of the channel catfish pectoral fin is a [[bilaterally symmetrical]] spinous structure that is minimally important for movement; however, it can be locked as a defensive adaptation or used as a means for sound production.<ref name="[6] Fine - lateralization of stridulation">{{cite journal|last=Fine|first=Michael L.|title=Lateralization of Pectoral Stridulation Sound Production in the Channel Catfish|journal=Physiology and Behavior|year=1996|volume=60|issue=3|pages=753-757}}</ref> According to one scholar, most fish tend to produce sound with their right fin, although sound production with the left fin has also been observed.<ref name="[9] Fine - Pectoral spine locking">{{cite journal|last=Fine|first=Michael|coauthors=et al.|title=Pectoral Spine Locking and Sound Production in the Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus|journal=Copeia|year=1997|volume=1997|issue=4|pages=777-790}}</ref>
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| ====Hearing====
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| The inferior division of the inner ear, most prominently the [[utricle (ear)|utricle]], is considered the primary area of hearing in most fishes.<ref name="[2] The Utricle">{{cite book|title=Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes|year=1981|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc|location=New York|pages=73-80|author=David Jenkins|authorlink=The Utricle in Ictalurus punctatus|editor=William Tavolga}}</ref> The hearing ability of the channel catfish is enhanced by the presence of the [[swimbladder]].<ref name="[1] Swimbladder and Hearing">{{cite book|title=Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes|year=1981|publisher=Springer Verlag New York Inc.|location=New York|pages=61-72|author=J.H.S. Baxter|authorlink=The Swimbladder and Hearing|editor=William Tavolga}}</ref> It is the main structure that reverberates the echo from other individuals’ sounds, as well as from sonar devices.<ref name="[1] Swimbladder and Hearing" /> The volume of the swimbladder changes if fish move vertically, and thus is also considered to be the site of pressure sensitivity.<ref name="[1] Swimbladder and Hearing" /> The latency of swimbladder adaptation after a change in pressure affects hearing and other possible swimbladder functions, presumably making audition more difficult.<ref name="[1] Swimbladder and Hearing" /> Nevertheless, the presence of the swimbladder and a relatively complex auditory apparatus allows the channel catfish to discern different sounds and tell from which directions sounds have come.<ref name="[10] Ladich - sound generating mechs">{{cite journal|last=Ladich|first=Friedrich|coauthors=Michael J. Fine|title=Sound-Generating Mechanisms in Fishes: a Unique Diversity in Vertebrates|journal=Communication in Fishes|year=2006|volume=1|pages=3-43}}</ref>
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| ====Communication to predators====
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| Pectoral stridulation has been considered to be the main means of [[agonistic]] communication towards predators in channel catfish.<ref name="[8] Ladich - Agonistic Behavior and sound">{{cite journal|last=Ladich|first=Friedrich|coauthors=Arthur A. Myrberg Jr.|title=Agonistic Behavior and Acoustic Communication|journal=Communication in Fishes|year=2006|volume=1|pages=121-148}}</ref> Sudden, relatively loud sounds are used to startle predators in a manner analogous to the well-documented, visual flash display of various [[lepidopterans]].<ref name="[3] Sound Communication in Fishes">{{cite book|title=Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes|year=1981|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc.|location=New York|pages=395-426|author=Arthur A. Myrberg, Jr.|authorlink=Sound Communication and Interception in Fishes|editor=William Tavolga}}</ref> In most catfish, a drumming sound can be produced for this use, and the incidences of the drumming sounds can reach up to 300 or 400 per second.<ref name="[4] neural control of teleost sound">{{cite book|title=Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes|year=1981|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc.|location=New York|pages=427-446|author=Leo S. Demski|authorlink=Neural Control of Teleost Sound Production|editor=William Travolga}}</ref> However, the channel catfish must resort instead to stridulation sounds and pectoral spine display for predator avoidance. In addition to communication towards predators, stridulation can be seen as a possible alarm signal to other catfish, in the sense of warning nearby individuals that a predator is near.<ref name="[3] Sound Communication in Fishes">{{cite book|title=Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes|year=1981|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc.|location=New York|pages=395-426|author=Arthur A. Myrberg, Jr.|authorlink=Sound Communication and Interception in Fishes|editor=William Tavolga}}</ref>
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| ==Fishing==
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| Channel catfish are [[omnivore]]s, and can be caught using a variety of natural and prepared baits, including [[Cricket (insect)|crickets]], [[Lumbricus terrestris|nightcrawlers]], [[minnow]]s, [[shad]], [[crawfish]], [[frog]]s, [[Ameiurus|bullheads]], [[Centrarchidae|sunfish]], and [[Catostomidae|suckers]]. Catfish have even been known to take [[Ivory (soap)|Ivory soap]] as bait .<ref>[http://www.gameandfishmag.com/fishing/catfish-fishing/gf_aa086704a/ Off-The-Wall Baits for Persnickety Catfish], gameandfishmag.com )(retrieved 22 Aug 2010)</ref>
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| Juglines, trotlines, limb lines, and bank lines are popular methods of fishing for channel catfish in addition to traditional rod-and-reel fishing. Another method uses traps, either "slat traps" — long wooden traps with an angled entrance — and wire hoop traps. Typical bait for these traps include rotten cheese and [[dog food]]. Catches of as many as 100 fish a day are common in catfish traps.
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| When removing the hook from a catfish, anglers should be mindful of the sharp spines on the pectoral and dorsal fins.
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| ==Notes==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==References==
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| *John Caprio, Joseph G. Brand, John H. Teeter, Tine Valentincic, D.Lynn Kalinoski, Jun Kohbara, Takashi Kumazawa, Sandra Wegert, The taste system of the channel catfish: from biophysics to behavior, Trends in Neurosciences, Volume 16, Issue 5, May 1993, Pages 192-197, ISSN 0166-2236, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(93)90152-C.
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| (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016622369390152C)
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| ==External links==
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| * {{FishBase species|genus=Ictalurus|species=punctatus|month=December|year=2011}}
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| * {{cite book |last=Salmon |first=M. H. III |title=The Catfish As A Metaphor |year=1997 |publisher=High-Lonesome Books |location=Silver City, New Mexico |isbn=0-944383-43-2 }}
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| * [http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/LetsFish/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_165693.html Channel Catfish], Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Retrieved 22 Aug 2010.
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| {{Wikispecies|Ictalurus punctatus}}
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| {{commons category|Ictalurus punctatus}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Channel Catfish}}
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| [[Category:Fish of the United States]]
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| [[Category:Ictalurus]]
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| [[Category:Animals described in 1818]]
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| [[Category:Introduced freshwater fish]]
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| [[Category:Freshwater fish of Florida]]
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