Noise shaping: Difference between revisions
en>Download m gen fixes, typos fixed: by by → by using AWB |
en>Doradus m "Floyd Steinberg" is a redirect to "Floyd Steinberg dithering" anyway, and the latter is more descriptive of what the target page describes, so let's link that |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
A '''graveyard orbit''', also called a '''junk orbit''' or '''disposal orbit''', is a [[Supersynchronous orbit|supersynchronous]] [[orbit]] that lies significantly above [[synchronous orbit]], where [[spacecraft]] are intentionally placed at the end of their [[operational life]]. It is a measure performed in order to lower the probability of [[collision]]s with operational spacecraft and of the generation of additional [[space debris]] (known as the [[Kessler syndrome]]). | |||
A graveyard orbit is used when the change in velocity required to perform a de-orbit [[Orbital maneuver|maneuver]] is too high. De-orbiting a [[geostationary satellite]] requires a [[delta-v]] of about {{convert|1500|m/s}}, whereas re-orbiting it to a graveyard orbit only requires about {{convert|11|m/s}}.<ref>[http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/5651515.html Method for re-orbiting a dual-mode propulsion geostationary spacecraft - Patent # 5651515 - PatentGenius<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | |||
For satellites in [[geostationary orbit]] and [[geosynchronous orbit]]s, the graveyard orbit is a few hundred [[kilometer]]s above the operational orbit. The transfer to a graveyard orbit above geostationary orbit requires the same amount of fuel that a satellite needs for approximately three months of [[stationkeeping]]. It also requires a reliable [[attitude control]] during the transfer maneuver. While most satellite operators try to perform such a maneuver at the end of the operational life, only one-third succeed in doing so.<ref>[http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMZPBW797E_Protecting_0.html Space debris mitigation: the case for a code of conduct / Operations / Our Activities / ESA<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> | |||
According to the [[Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee]] (IADC)<ref>http://www.iadc-online.org/docs_pub/IADC-UNCOPUOS-final.pdf</ref> the minimum [[perigee]] [[altitude]] <math>\Delta{H} \,</math> above the [[geostationary orbit]] is: | |||
:<math>\Delta{H} = 235\mbox{ km} + \left ( 1000 C_R \frac{A}{m} \right )\mbox{ km}</math> | |||
where <math>C_R \,</math> is the solar radiation pressure coefficient (typically between 1.2 and 1.5) and <math>\frac{A}{m} \,</math> is the aspect area [m²] to mass [kg] ratio of the satellite. This formula includes about 200 km for the GEO protected zone to also permit orbit maneuvers in GEO without interference with the graveyard orbit. Another {{convert|35|km}} of [[tolerance (engineering)|tolerance]] must be allowed for the effects of [[gravitation]]al perturbations (primarily solar and lunar). The remaining part of the equation considers the effects of the [[solar radiation]] pressure, which depends on the physical parameters of the satellite. | |||
In order to obtain a license to provide telecommunications services in the United States, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) requires all geostationary satellites launched after March 18, 2002, to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational life.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.space.com/spacenews/businessmonday_040628.html | title=FCC Enters Orbital Debris Debate}}</ref> U.S. government regulations require a boost, <math>\Delta{H}</math>, of ~300 km.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/USG_OD_Standard_Practices.pdf | title=US Government Orbital Debris Standard Practices}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[SNAP-10A]] — nuclear reactor satellite, parked in a {{convert|700|nmi}} sub-synchronous Earth orbit | |||
* [[Spacecraft cemetery]] | |||
* [[List of orbits]] | |||
==References== | |||
<references /> | |||
{{orbits}} | |||
[[Category:Satellites]] | |||
[[Category:Astrodynamics]] | |||
[[Category:Earth orbits]] | |||
[[Category:Spacecraft endings]] | |||
Revision as of 15:04, 8 July 2013
A graveyard orbit, also called a junk orbit or disposal orbit, is a supersynchronous orbit that lies significantly above synchronous orbit, where spacecraft are intentionally placed at the end of their operational life. It is a measure performed in order to lower the probability of collisions with operational spacecraft and of the generation of additional space debris (known as the Kessler syndrome).
A graveyard orbit is used when the change in velocity required to perform a de-orbit maneuver is too high. De-orbiting a geostationary satellite requires a delta-v of about Template:Convert, whereas re-orbiting it to a graveyard orbit only requires about Template:Convert.[1]
For satellites in geostationary orbit and geosynchronous orbits, the graveyard orbit is a few hundred kilometers above the operational orbit. The transfer to a graveyard orbit above geostationary orbit requires the same amount of fuel that a satellite needs for approximately three months of stationkeeping. It also requires a reliable attitude control during the transfer maneuver. While most satellite operators try to perform such a maneuver at the end of the operational life, only one-third succeed in doing so.[2]
According to the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC)[3] the minimum perigee altitude above the geostationary orbit is:
where is the solar radiation pressure coefficient (typically between 1.2 and 1.5) and is the aspect area [m²] to mass [kg] ratio of the satellite. This formula includes about 200 km for the GEO protected zone to also permit orbit maneuvers in GEO without interference with the graveyard orbit. Another Template:Convert of tolerance must be allowed for the effects of gravitational perturbations (primarily solar and lunar). The remaining part of the equation considers the effects of the solar radiation pressure, which depends on the physical parameters of the satellite.
In order to obtain a license to provide telecommunications services in the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires all geostationary satellites launched after March 18, 2002, to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational life.[4] U.S. government regulations require a boost, , of ~300 km.[5]
See also
- SNAP-10A — nuclear reactor satellite, parked in a Template:Convert sub-synchronous Earth orbit
- Spacecraft cemetery
- List of orbits
References
- ↑ Method for re-orbiting a dual-mode propulsion geostationary spacecraft - Patent # 5651515 - PatentGenius
- ↑ Space debris mitigation: the case for a code of conduct / Operations / Our Activities / ESA
- ↑ http://www.iadc-online.org/docs_pub/IADC-UNCOPUOS-final.pdf
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
The name of the writer is Garland. Playing croquet is something I will never give up. He presently life in Idaho and his mothers and fathers reside close by. Bookkeeping is what he does.
my web-site: extended auto warranty