Phillips–Perron test

Geometry of quantum systems (e.g., noncommutative geometry and supergeometry) is mainly phrased in algebraic terms of modules and algebras. Connections on modules are generalization of a linear connection on a smooth vector bundle $E\to X$ written as a Koszul connection on the $C^{\infty }(X)$-module of sections of $E\to X$.

Commutative algebra

Let $A$ be a commutative ring and $P$ a $A$-module. There are different equivalent definitions of a connection on $P$. Let $D(A)$ be the module of derivations of a ring $A$. A connection on an $A$-module $P$ is defined as an $A$-module morphism

$\nabla :D(A)\ni u\to \nabla _{u}\in \mathrm {Diff} _{1}(P,P)$

such that the first order differential operators $\nabla _{u}$ on $P$ obey the Leibniz rule

$\nabla _{u}(ap)=u(a)p+a\nabla _{u}(p),\quad a\in A,\quad p\in P.$

Connections on a module over a commutative ring always exist.

The curvature of the connection $\nabla$ is defined as the zero-order differential operator

$R(u,u')=[\nabla _{u},\nabla _{u'}]-\nabla _{[u,u']}\,$

on the module $P$ for all $u,u'\in D(A)$.

If $E\to X$ is a vector bundle, there is one-to-one correspondence between linear connections $\Gamma$ on $E\to X$ and the connections $\nabla$ on the $C^{\infty }(X)$-module of sections of $E\to X$. Strictly speaking, $\nabla$ corresponds to the covariant differential of a connection on $E\to X$.

Graded commutative algebra

The notion of a connection on modules over commutative rings is straightforwardly extended to modules over a graded commutative algebra. This is the case of superconnections in supergeometry of graded manifolds and supervector bundles. Superconnections always exist.

Noncommutative algebra

If $A$ is a noncommutative ring, connections on left and right $A$-modules are defined similarly to those on modules over commutative rings. However these connections need not exist.

In contrast with connections on left and right modules, there is a problem how to define a connection on an $R-S$-bimodule over noncommutative rings $R$ and $S$. There are different definitions of such a connection. Let us mention one of them. A connection on an $R-S$-bimodule $P$ is defined as a bimodule morphism

$\nabla :D(A)\ni u\to \nabla _{u}\in \mathrm {Diff} _{1}(P,P)$

which obeys the Leibniz rule

$\nabla _{u}(apb)=u(a)pb+a\nabla _{u}(p)b+apu(b),\quad a\in R,\quad b\in S,\quad p\in P.$

See also

• Connection (vector bundle)
• Connection (mathematics)
• Noncommutative geometry
• Supergeometry
• Differential calculus over commutative algebras

Notes

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References

• Koszul, J., Homologie et cohomologie des algebres de Lie,Bulletin de la Societe Mathematique 78 (1950) 65
• Koszul, J., Lectures on Fibre Bundles and Differential Geometry (Tata University, Bombay, 1960)
• Bartocci, C., Bruzzo, U., Hernandez Ruiperez, D., The Geometry of Supermanifolds (Kluwer Academic Publ., 1991) ISBN 0-7923-1440-9
• Dubois-Violette, M., Michor, P., Connections on central bimodules in noncommutative differential geometry, J. Geom. Phys. 20 (1996) 218. arXiv:q-alg/9503020v2
• Landi, G., An Introduction to Noncommutative Spaces and their Geometries, Lect. Notes Physics, New series m: Monographs, 51 (Springer, 1997) ArXiv eprint, iv+181 pages.
• Mangiarotti, L., Sardanashvily, G., Connections in Classical and Quantum Field Theory (World Scientific, 2000) ISBN 981-02-2013-8

External links

• Sardanashvily, G., Lectures on Differential Geometry of Modules and Rings (Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2012); arXiv: 0910.1515