Principle of maximum entropy: Difference between revisions

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[[Image:Displacement.gif|thumb|250px|One complete cycle of a four-cylinder, four-stroke engine. The volume displaced is marked in red.]]
I am 36 years old and my name is Francesco Bruno. I life in Athelney (Great Britain).<br><br>my website :: [http://hemorrhoidtreatmentfix.com/internal-hemorrhoids-treatment internal hemorrhoid treatment]
'''Engine displacement''' is the [[volume]] swept by all the [[piston]]s inside the [[cylinder (engine)|cylinders]] of a [[reciprocating engine]] in a single movement from ''top [[dead centre]]'' (TDC) to ''bottom dead centre'' (BDC).  It is commonly specified in cubic centimetres (''cc'' or ''cm<sup>3</sup>''), [[litre]]s (''l''), or (mainly in North America) cubic inches (CID). Engine displacement does not include the total volume of the [[combustion chamber]].
 
==Definition==
Engine displacement is determined from the [[bore (engine)|bore]] and [[stroke (engine)|stroke]] of an engine's [[cylinder (engine)|cylinders]]. The bore is the [[diameter]] of the circular chambers cut into the [[cylinder block]].
:<math> \mbox{displacement} = {\pi\over 4} \times \mbox{bore}^2 \times \mbox{stroke} \times \mbox{number of cylinders}</math>
To simplify:
:<math> \mbox{displacement} = \mbox{bore}^2 \times 0.7854 \times \mbox{stroke} \times \mbox{number of cylinders}</math>
Examples: The [[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#427|427 Chevy]] bore is 4.312&nbsp;in, and the stroke is 3.65&nbsp;in, therefore the displacement for this eight-cylinder engine is:
:3.1416/4 × (4.312&nbsp;in)<sup>2</sup> × 3.65&nbsp;in × 8 = 426.4&nbsp;cu&nbsp;in
or:
: (4.312&nbsp;in)<sup>2</sup> × 0.7854 × 3.65&nbsp;in × 8 = 426.4&nbsp;cu&nbsp;in
If the bore is 10&nbsp;cm and the stroke is 5&nbsp;cm with four cylinders, the calculation is:
:3.1416/4 × (10&nbsp;cm)<sup>2</sup> × 5&nbsp;cm × 4 = 1,570&nbsp;cc = 1.57&nbsp;liters
 
==Units of measure==
{{globalize/USA|date=July 2009}}
{{Ref improve section|date=July 2009}}
In the United States, the cubic inch was the commonly used unit of measurement until the 1980s by the manufacturers to express the displacement of engines for cars, trucks, etc. (e.g., the "426" in [[Chrysler Hemi engine|''426&nbsp;Hemi'']] refers to 426 cubic inches displaced).  It is still used for this purpose in the context of the classic-car hobby, auto racing, and so forth.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
 
The automotive industry nowadays uses [[International System of Units|the International System of Units / le Système international d'unités]] (SI), a modern metric system for this purpose worldwide (e.g. 6.1&nbsp;[[litre]] Hemi).  However, in markets accustomed to cubic inches, the actual displacement measurements of an engine are still given by many manufacturers in these units, usually along with metric value; e.g. the 6.1-litre Hemi's published displacement is 370.0&nbsp;CID/6,059&nbsp;cc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dodge.com/bridge/vehsuite.html?app=vehiclespecs&family=charger&model=Technical&zipcode=90210&year=2008|title=2008 Dodge Charger – specs & upgrades|accessdate=2008-05-02|publisher=Chrysler}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordvehicles.com/trucks/f150/features/specs/|title=Ford Vehicles: get specifications F-150|accessdate=2008-04-25|date= |publisher=Ford Motor Company|quote=Engine type: 5.4L Triton SOHC 24-valve V8... Displacement (cu.&nbsp;in.): 330 CID}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chevrolet.com/silverado/specifications/|title=Chevrolet 2008 Silverado Pickup Truck - specifications (under engine 'tab')|accessdate=2008-04-25|date= |publisher=GM|quote=Engine: Vortec 5.3L Aluminum-Block V8...Displacement (cu.&nbsp;in.): 325}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dodge.com/bridge/vehsuite.html?app=vehiclespecs&family=ram_2500&model=Technical&zipcode=48226&year=2008|title=Dodge specifications|accessdate=2008-04-25|date= |publisher=Chrysler LLC|quote=Powertrain: Engine - Displacement - Cubic Inches: 345.0}}</ref>  Some examples of common CID-to-litre conversions are given below.  Note that [[nominal size]]s are not always precisely equal to actual sizes.  This principle is frequently seen in engineering, tool standardization, etc. (for ease of use) and in marketing (when a big round number sounds more impressive, is more memorable, etc.).
 
{|class="wikitable"
!make (± division)!!cubic inch displacement (CID)<br>- (actual) (nearest 1)!!cubic inch displacement (CID)<br>- (nominal)!![[International System of Units]] (SI)<br>- (actual) (nearest 0.01)!!International System of Units (SI)<br>- (nominal)
|-
|Honda, Kawasaki, others||something close to 61&nbsp;CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||[something close to SI nominal]||1000&nbsp;cc (= 1.0&nbsp;[[litre]])
|-
|Honda, Kawasaki, others||something close to 98&nbsp;CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||[something close to SI nominal]||1600&nbsp;cc (= 1.6-litre)
|-
|Honda, Kawasaki, others; Ford||something close to 122&nbsp;CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||[something close to SI nominal]||2000&nbsp;cc (= 2.0-litre)
|-
|GM (Pontiac, Buick, Oldsmobile, GMC, others)||151&nbsp;CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||[something close to SI nominal]||[[GM Iron Duke engine|2.5-litre]]
|-
|Toyota, Ford, Chrysler, others||something close to 183&nbsp;CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||[something close to SI nominal]||3.0-litre
|-
|AMC, Jeep, Chrysler ([[AMC Straight-6 engine#4.0|I6]])|| 241.573&nbsp;CID||242&nbsp;CID||3,959 cc||4.0-litre
|-
|Ford||something close to 244&nbsp;CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||[something close to SI nominal]||[[Ford Cologne V6 engine#4.0|4.0-litre]]
|-
|Ford (Ford, Mercury), GM (Chevrolet, GMC)||[something close to CID nominal]||250&nbsp;CID||4.10-litre||4.1-litre
|-
|AMC, Jeep, International Harvester||[something close to CID nominal]||258&nbsp;CID||4.22-litre||4.2-litre
|-
|GM (Chevrolet, GMC, Oldsmobile)||[something close to CID nominal]||262&nbsp;CID||4.33-litre||4.3-litre
|-
|Ford (Ford, Mercury)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Ford Windsor engine|289&nbsp;CID]]||4.74-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|Ford (Ford trucks and vans)||[something close to CID nominal]||300&nbsp;CID||4.92-litre||4.9-litre
|-
|GM (Pontiac)||[something close to CID nominal]||301&nbsp;CID||4.9-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|Ford, GM (Chevrolet)||[something close to CID nominal]||302&nbsp;CID ([[Ford Windsor engine#302|302&nbsp;Windsor]], [[Ford 335 engine#302 Cleveland|302&nbsp;Cleveland]], [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#302|Chevrolet&nbsp;302]])||4.95-litre||5.0-litre
|-
|GM (Oldsmobile)||303&nbsp;CID
|-
|AMC, Jeep, International Harvester||[something close to CID nominal]||304&nbsp;CID||4.98-litre||5.0-litre
|-
|GM (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick)||[something close to CID nominal]||305&nbsp;CID||5.0-litre||N/A (not marketed in S/I)
|-
|GM (Chevrolet; Buick)||307&nbsp;CID||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#307|307&nbsp;CID]]||5.03-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|GM (Oldsmobile)||307&nbsp;CID||N/A (not marketed in CID)||5.03-litre||[[Oldsmobile V8 engine#LG8|5.0-litre]]
|-
|Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chrysler LA engine|318&nbsp;CID]]||5.21-litre||5.2-litre
|-
|AMC, GM (Chevrolet)||327&nbsp;CID||327&nbsp;CID||5.36-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|GM (Oldsmobile)||330&nbsp;CID
|-
|Buick, Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chrysler LA engine|340&nbsp;CID]]||5.57-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|GM (GMC, Chevrolet, Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, others)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350|350&nbsp;CID]]||5.74-litre||5.7-litre
|-
|Ford (Ford, Mercury)||[something close to CID nominal]||351&nbsp;CID ([[Ford 335 engine|Cleveland]] or [[Ford Windsor engine|Windsor]]) ||5.75-litre||5.8-litre
|-
|AMC, Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chrysler LA engine|360&nbsp;CID]]||5.90-litre||5.9-litre
|-
|Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chrysler RB engine|383&nbsp;CID]]||6.28-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|GM (Pontiac)||[something close to CID nominal]||389&nbsp;CID||6.5-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|AMC, Ford, GM (Cadillac)||[something close to CID nominal]||390&nbsp;CID||6.39-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|GM (Oldsmobile)||394&nbsp;CID
|-
|GM (Chevrolet)||[sometimes 396&nbsp;CID, sometimes 402&nbsp;CID]||[[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#396 and 402|396&nbsp;CID]]||6.49-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|GM (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#400|400&nbsp;CID]]||6.55-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|GM (Buick)||401&nbsp;CID
|-
|GM (Chevrolet)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#409|409&nbsp;CID]]||6.70-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|GM (Pontiac)||[something close to CID nominal]||421&nbsp;CID||6.90-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|GM (Oldsmobile)||425&nbsp;CID
|-
|Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)||[something close to CID nominal]||426&nbsp;CID ([[Chrysler RB engine|Wedge]] or [[Chrysler Hemi engine|Hemi]])||6.98-litre||7.0-litre
|-
|Ford (Ford, Mercury)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Ford FE engine|427&nbsp;CID]]||7.00-litre||7.0-litre
|-
|GM (Pontiac),Ford (Ford, Mercury)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Ford FE engine|428&nbsp;CID]]||7.01-litre||7.0-litre
|-
|Ford (Ford, Mercury)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Ford 385 engine|429&nbsp;CID]]||7.03-litre||7.0-litre
|-
|Chrysler (Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chrysler RB engine|440&nbsp;CID]]||7.21-litre||7.2-litre
|-
|GM (GMC, Chevrolet)||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#454|454&nbsp;CID]]||7.44-litre||7.4-litre
|-
|GM (Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac)||[something close to CID nominal]||455&nbsp;CID||7.46-litre||N/A (not marketed in SI)
|-
|Ford (Ford [trucks and vans]; Lincoln [cars])||[something close to CID nominal]||[[Ford FE engine|460&nbsp;CID]]||7.54-litre||7.5-litre
|-
|GM (Cadillac)||[something close to CID nominal]||472&nbsp;CID||7.73-litre||7.7-litre
|-
|GM (Cadillac)||[something close to CID nominal]||500&nbsp;CID||8.19-litre||8.2-litre
|-
|Chrysler (Dodge)||506.5 CID||505&nbsp;CID||8285&nbsp;cc||8.3-litre
|-
|Chrysler (Dodge)||509.8 CID||510&nbsp;CID||8354&nbsp;cc||8.4-litre
|-
|GM (GM Performance Parts)||[something close to CID nominal]||572 CID||9373&nbsp;cc||9.4-litre
|}
 
==Governmental regulations==
Taxation of automobiles is sometimes based on engine displacement, rather than power output, fuel economy, or emissions. Displacement is a basic fundamental of engine design, whereas power output depends a great deal on other factors, particularly on how the car manufacturer has ''[[engine tuning|tuned]]'' the engine from new. This has encouraged the development of other methods to increase engine power, such as [[variable valve timing]] and [[turbocharger]]s.
 
There are four major regulatory constraints for automobiles: the European, British, Japanese, and American. The method used in some European countries, and which predates the EU, has a level of taxation for engines over 1.0 litre, and another at the level of about 1.6&nbsp;litres. The British system of taxation depends upon vehicle emissions for cars registered after 1 March 2001, but for cars registered before this date, it depends on engine size. Cars under 1549&nbsp;cc qualify for a cheaper rate of tax.<ref>[http://www.direct.gov.uk/Motoring/OwningAVehicle/HowToTaxYourVehicle/HowToTaxYourVehicleArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=10012524&chk=X2gG9G The Cost of Vehicle Tax for Cars, Motorcycles, Light Goods Vehicles and Trade Licences]." ''Direct.gov.uk''</ref>
 
The Japanese method is similar to the European taxation by classes of displacement, plus a vehicle weight tax.
 
The United States does not tax a vehicle based on the displacement of the engine (this is also true in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand). Engine displacement is important in determining whether or not smaller vehicles need to be registered with the state and whether or not a license is required to operate such a vehicle. A common threshold is 50cc.
 
In the Netherlands<ref>[http://www.belastingdienst.nl/reken/motorrijtuigenbelasting/ Road tax] also based on region and fuel type ([[petrol]] / [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]], [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]], [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]], or other (electric/hybrid/H2))</ref> and in Sweden, road tax is based on vehicle weight. However, Swedish cars registered in 2008, or later, are taxed based on carbon dioxide emissions.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}
 
Displacement is also used to distinguish categories of (heavier) and lighter motorbikes with respect to driving licence and insurance requirements. In France and some other EU countries, [[moped]]s of less than 50&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup> displacement (and usually with a [[two-stroke engine]]), can be driven with minimum qualifications (previously, they could be driven by any person over 14). This led to all light motorbikes having a displacement of about 49.9&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>. Some people tuned the engine by increasing the cylinder bore, increasing displacement; such mopeds cannot be driven legally on public roads since they do no longer conform to the original specifications and may go faster than 45&nbsp;km/h.
 
[[Wankel engine]]s, due to the amount of power and emissions they create for their displacement, are generally taxed as 1.5 times their stated physical displacement (1.3&nbsp;litres becomes effectively 2.0, 2.0 becomes effectively 3.0), although actual power outputs are far greater (the 1.3-litre 13B can produce power comparable to a 3.0&nbsp;[[V6 engine]], and the 2.0-litre 20B can produce power comparable to a 4.0&nbsp;[[V8 engine]]).{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} As such, racing regulations actually use a much higher conversion factor.
 
==Automotive model names==
In the automotive industry, engine displacement is frequently encoded in the auto manufacturer's model names.  For instance, Nissan's [[Nissan Teana|Teana 350JM]] is a car with a 3,498&nbsp;cc (213.5&nbsp;cu in displacement (CID) [[Nissan VQ engine#VQ35DE|engine]]).  Motorcycles are often labeled similarly.  However, this can be misleading. For instance, the BMW 335i only has a 3.0-litre (twin-turbocharged) engine.<ref>https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html?outputChannelId=6&id=T0084262EN&left_menu_item=node__2229</ref>
Lexus [[Hybrid_vehicle|hybrid vehicles]] (h) are marked higher than its engine size to signify the extra power from its auxiliary systems. (Examples: RX450h has a 3.5&nbsp;L engine, LS600h has a 5.0&nbsp;L engine)
 
==See also==
*[[Active Fuel Management]]
*[[compression ratio]]
*[[engine tuning]]
*[[variable displacement]]
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
 
{{Automotive engine}}
{{Aircraft piston engine components}}
 
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Engine Displacement}}
[[Category:Propulsion]]
[[Category:Engine technology|Displacement]]
[[Category:Motorcycle engines]]
[[Category:Vehicle technology]]

Revision as of 04:35, 9 February 2014

I am 36 years old and my name is Francesco Bruno. I life in Athelney (Great Britain).

my website :: internal hemorrhoid treatment

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