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{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox university
|name              = G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology
|native_name =  गोविन्द बल्लभ पंत कृषि एवं प्रौद्योगिक विश्वविद्यालय
|image_name        = Pantnagar logo.jpg
|motto            = Development of villages, development of country
|established      = 17 November 1960
|type              = [[Public university|Public]], [[Land-grant university|land-grant]]
|latd              = 28.97
|longd              = 79.41
|state_name = Uttarakhand
|district = [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
|chancellor        = [[Aziz Qureshi|Mr. Aziz Qureshi]]
|vice-chancellor  = Mr. Subhash Kumar ([IAS])
|city              = [[Pantnagar]]
|state            = [[Uttarakhand]]
|country          = [[India]]
|undergrad        = 2800–3000
|postgrad          = 500
|campus            = [[Rural areas|Rural]]
|affiliations      = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]
|website= [http://www.gbpuat.ac.in www.gbpuat.ac.in]
}}


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'''G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology''' ('''GBPUA&T''', '''Pantnagar University''' or simply '''"Pantnagar"''') is the first agricultural university of [[India]]. It was inaugurated by [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] on 17 November 1960 as the Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University (UPAU). Later the name was changed to Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1972 in memory of the great freedom fighter [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]. The University was declared as the best among all the other State Universities in India, in 1997. The University lies in the [[university town|campus-town]] of [[Pantnagar]] in the district of [[Udham Singh Nagar]] in the state of [[Uttarakhand]]. The university is regarded as the harbinger of [[Green Revolution]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pawar |first=Sharad |publisher=Government of India |url=http://icarzcu3.gov.in/nconference/INAUGURAL_ADDRESS.pdf |format=PDF|title=Inaugural address by Shri Sharad Pawar, Union minister of Agriculture and consumer affairs, Food and Public distribution at the Third National Conference on KVK at GBPUA&T, Pantnagar on December 27, 2008|year=2008}}</ref>
 
==History==
 
===Pre-establishment groundwork (1949–1959)===
The first Education Commission of India (1949) headed by [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] recommended setting up rural universities in India on American [[Land-grant university|land-grant]] model.<ref>http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/n/75/7Y/toc.htm</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]] (UP), under chief-ministership of [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], took the first step and in 1954 invited an Indo- American team headed by Dr K R Damle, the Vice-President of [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]], to consider an area around Tarai State farm in [[Nainital district]] as a possible site for a rural university.<ref>Rudra 1978:390</ref> This area was actually a dense forest near Himalayan foothills and the government was using this area to rehabilitate Hindu/ Sikh migrants from West Pakistan, in the aftermath of the [[Partition of India|partition]].<ref>Ajay S. Rawat. Deforestation and Forest Policy in the Lesser Himalayan Kumaun: Impacts on Peasant Women and Tribal Populations. Mountain Research and Development, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Nov. 1995), pp. 311–322, http://www.jstor.org/pss/3673807</ref><ref>P. C. Tiwari and Bhagwati Joshi. Wildlife in the Himalayan foothills: conservation and management. Indus
Publishing, 1997, ISBN 817387066</ref> Encouraged by favourable view of the Damle team, two senior government officials- H S Sandhu and A N Jha visited United States to look for collaborations with US Universities. In consultation with [[University of Illinois]] dean Dr H W Hannah, the state of UP presented a proposal to the Central government in 1956 for establishing a Land-grant style university. Thereafter, a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and few US land grant universities, was signed to promote agricultural education in India.<ref>GOI Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs 1959 Report on the Indo-U.S. Technical Co-operation Programme. New Delhi: GOI, p.157</ref> The US universities included the [[University of Tennessee]], the [[Ohio State University]], the [[Kansas State University]], the [[University of Illinois]], the [[Pennsylvania State University]] and the [[University of Missouri]]. The task of mentoring the proposed university in UP was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959.
 
===Initial years and development (1960–1972)===
The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], on 17 November 1960. In the early Days, Illinois faculty served the university in designing its education system and putting in place an effective research and extension system. Six to eight Illinois faculty used to stay in Pantnagar at a time serving between 2 and 4-year terms for a period of 12 years. Dr. William Thompson, a team member on site at Pantnagar, shared that it was unusual for the project to start a university in a place with nothing. All buildings and facilities had to be constructed in the jungle there. In 1965, drastic upheaval of the university board of directors, which was spurred by lack of state government support for the institution, caused removal of the entire administrative and governance team of the university. D P Singh was named vice chancellor of the university with complete control over its affairs until a new board of directors was chosen. Under Singh's leadership, many necessary upgrades took place, and the university flourished.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=College of ACES Illinois|url=http://global.aces.illinois.edu/about/ui_institutions |title=Institution-Building History of Illinois}}</ref> The University of Illinois left Pantnagar in 1972, when president [[Richard Nixon]] ordered Americans out of the near east.<ref>{{cite book |last= Singh |first= Naunihal |title= [[India and the United States]] |publisher= [[Anmol Publications PVT. LTD]] |year= 2005|isbn= 978-81-261-2185-4}}</ref>
 
The UP Act XI-V of 1958– the founding legislative act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of  [[Govind Ballabh Pant]].
 
Pantnagar is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. US greatly influenced the development of the university through its funding of several university programs. Many of the university's research activities were funded by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the [[Ford Foundation]], the Indo-U.S. Technical Cooperation Programme, and the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (program [[Public Law 480]]). The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 41 other state agricultural universities in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Randhawa |first=MS |publisher=USAID |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABJ266.pdf |format=PDF|title=Agricultural Universities in India: Progress and problems |year=1968}}</ref>
 
===Role in ushering Green Revolution===
Pantnagar University soon became a significant force in the development and transfer of [[High Yielding Variety]] (HYV) seeds and related technology.<ref name="Charanjit Ahuja 1994, p.3">Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University 1963:14–19 and Charanjit Ahuja "One University That Actually Works" Indian Express, 9 March 1994, p.3</ref> The Mexican wheat varieties, developed by [[Norman Borlaug]] were tested in Pantnagar<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rockfound.org/library/98borlaug.pdf| title = Herdt, R.W. The Life and Work of Norman Borlaug, Nobel Laureate| publisher = [[Rockefeller Foundation]] | accessdate = 2009-11-28 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.livemint.com/2009/09/27235149/greenrevolution.htm.html?pg=2| title = Samanth Subramanian, How Borlaug's dwarfs came to stand tall in India's agronomy| publisher = [[Live Mint]] | accessdate = 2009-11-28 }}</ref> and locally adaptable selections, like Pantnagar Kalyan Sona<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/publications/vision2020.pdf | title = VISION 2020:PERSPECTIVE PLAN | publisher = Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology | accessdate = 2009-11-06 }}</ref> and other improved varieties were released for farmers. The university utilised its {{convert|16000|acre|km2}} of land to launch one of the largest seed production programs at that time, under the brand name [[Pantnagar Seeds]], which became a household name in rural India. The contribution of the university was recognised by [[Norman Borlaug]], who described Pantnagar as "Harbinger of [[Green Revolution]]".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.isaaa.org/Resources/Publications/briefs/40/download/isaaa-brief-40-2009-academics_scientists.pdf| title = Academics & Scientists: Raising Perception of Credibility| publisher = [[ISAAA]] | accessdate = 2009-11-28 }}</ref>
 
==Campus==
 
The University campus at Pantnagar is spread in an area of {{convert|10016.29|acre|km2|sing=on}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/13906397.cms | title = Pantnagar University land not to be transferred any more (Hindi)| publisher = [[Navbharat Times]] | accessdate = 2012-06-19 }}</ref> which makes it the second largest university in the world, in terms of contiguous area. Before 2002, the university owned{{convert|16000|acre|km2|sing=on}},<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/publications/vision2020.pdf  | title = VISION 2020:PERSPECTIVE PLAN | publisher = Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology | accessdate = 2009-11-06 }}</ref> out of which {{convert|3339|acre|km2|sing=on}} was transferred to [[State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand]] ([[SIDCUL]]) for developing an Integrated Industrial estate,<ref>http://www.sidcul.com/sidculweb/inner_pages.aspx?cat_id=3&art_id=7</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//money/2006/dec/16spec.htm | title = With $2 bn in kitty, this is the next boom town | publisher = [[Rediff]] | accessdate = 2009-11-06 }}</ref> thus leaving {{convert|12661|acre|km2|sing=on}} with the university. Remaining land was transferred to other industries, railways, airport etc. [[Moscow State University]] is built vertically and has a larger total floor area but occupies a smaller piece of land. [[Berry College]] occupies {{convert|28000|acre|km2|sing=on}} of contiguous land, and [[Paul Smith's College]] occupies {{convert|14200|acre|km2|sing=on}} of land in the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York, but neither is a university. [[Duke University]] occupies {{convert|8709|acre|km2|sing=on}}, but they are not contiguous.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quick Facts about Duke|work=Duke News & Communications|publisher=[[Duke University]]|url=http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/resources/quickfacts.html#buildings}}</ref> The [[United States Air Force Academy]] has a contiguous {{convert|18000|acre|km2|sing=on}} at its disposal, but it is not a university. [[Dartmouth College]], with a large [[Second College Grant, New Hampshire|land grant]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/~doc/secondcollegegrant/ | title = Second College Grant | publisher = [[Dartmouth Outing Club]] | accessdate = 2007-10-30 }}</ref> owns more than {{convert|50000|acre|km2|sing=on}},but only {{convert|269|acre|ha|0}} of those are part of the campus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dartmouth College: College Life|work=America's Best Colleges 2008|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|year=2007|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drlife_2573_brief.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dartmouth.edu/home/about/facts.html | title = About Dartmouth: Facts | publisher = Dartmouth College | accessdate = 2007-10-30 }}</ref> [[Stanford University]] owns {{convert|8183|acre|km2|sing=on}}, which makes it the third largest university in the world, in terms of contiguous area.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.answers.com/topic/stanford-university|title=Stanford University: Information from Answers.com}}</ref>[[Sewanee: The University of the South]] occupies {{convert|13000|acre|km2|sing=on}} in its "Domain", making it largest contiguous university campus.
 
The university campus is located at a distance of 250&nbsp;km from [[Delhi]] in [[Udham Singh Nagar district]] of [[Uttarakhand]]. The nearby towns are [[Rudrapur]] (16&nbsp;km), [[Haldwani]] (25&nbsp;km) and [[Nainital]] (65&nbsp;km). Two [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]]- [[NH 87]] and [[Bareilly]]- [[Nainital]] highway touch the campus. [[Pantnagar Airport]], operated by [[Airports Authority of India]] is located in the campus, 2.5&nbsp;km west of main administrative building. Two railway stations of [[North Eastern Railway (India)|North Eastern Railways]]- Pantnagar ([[Indian Railways|IR]] Code PBW) and Haldi Road ([[Indian Railways|IR]] Code HLDD) are located in the campus at a distance of 4&nbsp;km (east) and 3&nbsp;km (west) respectively from administrative building. University shuttle service, local [[Cycle rickshaw|rickshaws]], [[Auto rickshaw|auto-rickshaws]] and [[Van|matador vans]] connect various parts of the campus. Pantnagar is a purely residential university and comprises an independent [[university town|township]] in itself.<ref>{{cite book |last= Husain |first= Majid |title= Human Geography |publisher= [[Rawat Publications]] |year= 1999}} {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7033-529-2}}.</ref> Population of Pantnagar, prior to establishment of Industrial estate was 35,820 (Census, 2001). Pantnagar is a part of [[Pantnagar]]- [[Gadarpur]] assembly constituency.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/Feb2007/pollupd/ac/states/s28/aconst60.htm | title = State Elections 2007 | publisher = Election Commission of India | accessdate = 2009-11-07 }}</ref> The 'Concentric semicircles' or the 'rising sun' plan of the campus-centre was a brainchild of Department of Architecture of Illinois University.<ref>University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Architecture 1975 Campus Development Planning Study; G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology. Urbana: University of Illinois, p.4 and Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University 1963:27</ref><ref>Campus Development Planning Study, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India'', by Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities, Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign. Dept. of Architecture, H James Miller, Wisconsin University-Milwaukee and others. Published by Graduate Division, Dept. of Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1976</ref> Pantnagar is often seen as a small and remote tourist location<ref>http://www.tripwolf.com/en/guide/show/388331/India/PANTNAGAR</ref>
 
==Administration and organization==
In the Indian higher education system, Pantnagar is classified as a [[Agricultural Universities (India)|State Agricultural University]] (SAU).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icar.org.in/universities.htm| title = Agricultural Universities | publisher = ICAR | accessdate = 2009-11-14 }}</ref> The university is in the jurisdiction of the state government. The Governor of the state is ex-officio Chancellor of the university and (s)he appoints a [[Chancellor (education)|Vice-chancellor]] (VC), who functions as a full-time [[Chief Executive|Chief executive]] of the university. The VC chairs a 13-membered [[Board of Management]], which is the highest executive body of the university and oversees primarily financial and administrative matters and also ratifies recommendations of other councils of the university. The other councils are the Academic council, the Research council and the Extension education council.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/RTI/Univ%20RTI%20%20Manual%20Volume-1.pdf| title = University Right to Information Manual Vol I under RTI Act 2005 | publisher = GBPUA&T | accessdate = 2009-11-14 }}</ref> Governor of [[Uttarakhand]] [[Aziz Qureshi]] is present Chancellor and Alok Kumar Jain is VC (acting) of the university.
 
{| style="text-align:center; float: right; font-size:85%;  margin-left: 2em;" align="center" class="wikitable"
|+ Budget allocations for GBPUA&T, Pantnagar in Rs [[crores]] (figure in parentheses are actual expenditures)<ref name="iasri.res.in">{{cite web | url = http://www.iasri.res.in/agridata/08data/chapter10/db2008tb10_11.pdf| title = Agricultural Research Data Book 2008 | publisher = Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi | accessdate = 2009-11-14 }}</ref><ref name="iasri.res.in">{{cite web | url = http://www.iasri.res.in/agridata/11data/HOME_11.HTML| title = Agricultural Research Data Book 2011 | publisher = Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi | accessdate = 2011-11-27 }}</ref><ref name="iasri.res.in">{{cite web | url = http://www.iasri.res.in/agridata/12data/HOME_12.HTML| title = Agricultural Research Data Book 2012 | publisher = Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi | accessdate = 2013-05-20 }}</ref>
! !! State !! ICAR !! Other sources !! Total
|-
! 2005–2006
| 91.365 (84.570) || 26.970 (22.735) || 24.286 (24.653) || 142.621 (131.958)
|-
! 2006–2007
| 105.068 (94.016) || 28.331 (29.502) || 11.467 (13.833) || 144.866 (137.351)
|-
! 2007–2008
| 120.596 (115.990) || 46.012 (47.302) || 18.028 (11.166) || 184.636 (174.458)
|-
! 2008–2009
| 144.416 (138.925) || 37.066 (36.274) || 19.712 (15.458) || 201.194 (190.657)
|-
! 2009–2010
| 118.035 (133.310) || 24.469 (25.988) || 14.808 (13.231) || 157.312 (172.319)
|-
! 2010–2011
| 166.127 (168.726) || 28.365 (25.617) || 9.637 (8.998) || 204.129 (203.341)
|-
! 2011–2012
| 197.974 (185.581) || 33.754 (28.198) || 9.237 (6.406) || 240.965 (220.185)
|}
The university is financed primarily from grant-in-aid of the state government and through grants received from the [[Government of India|central government]] through [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]], besides income from student tuition fees, sponsored research, university farm, etc. Total allocated budget for the university in the year 2011–2012 stood at Rs 240 crores (~ US$50 million), which puts Pantnagar among top five [[Agricultural Universities (India)|SAUs]] in terms of financial resources.<ref name="iasri.res.in">{{cite web | url = http://www.iasri.res.in/agridata/12data/HOME_12.HTML| title = Agricultural Research Data Book 2012 | publisher = Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi | accessdate = 2013-05-20 }}</ref>
 
Recently, a high powered central government committee – the Committee to Advise on Renovation and Rejuvenation of Higher Education (Yashpal Committee, 2009) — has recommended converting [[Agricultural Universities (India)|agricultural universities]] into general universities encompassing all branches of studies.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/nic/yashpalcommitteereport.pdf | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>http://www.indianexpress.com/news/higher-education-body-yashpal-for-change-in-plan/518072/</ref> There is also a popular demand to convert  [[Pantnagar University]] into a [[Central University, India|Central University]].<ref>[http://www.nainitalsamachar.in/central-university-pantnagar-and-visionless-politics/ Central University Pantnagar and visionless politics] ''Nainital Samachar (Hindi)'', 15 January 2010</ref>{{verify credibility|date=May 2013}}
 
==Academics==
 
===Colleges===
Pantnagar is a [[Affiliating university|non-affiliating university]] and its academic activities are organized through its nine constituent colleges (faculties),which run large [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate (UG)]] programs. All Masters and PhD students are part of College of Post Graduate Studies, however they have strong association with one of the other colleges as per their [[academic major]]. Prior to 2012, the university also had two off-campus colleges namely, [[College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture, Ranichauri|College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture at Ranichauri]] (founded 1991) and [[Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali College of Horticulture, Bharsar|Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali College of Horticulture at Bharsar]] (founded 2002). However, recently, through an act of state legislature<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Government of Uttarakhand|url= http://governoruk.gov.in/files/UKEPV.pdf |format= pdf|title= Government Gazette Extraordinary No. 178/XXXVI(3)/2011/24(1)/2011 )}} The act has been notified on 28 April 2011, a new VC was appointed in September, property re-distribution between two universities is complete and the new university is beginning its session from 2012–2013</ref> these colleges have been transferred to newly incorporated [[Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry]]. Distributed among colleges and other units of the university, there are 763 teachers and officers 59 technical personnel, 631 administrative personnel and 1425 class III employees, amounting to a total staff strength of 2878 against a students strength of 2800–3000, which makes teacher taught ratio of about 1:6 and student-staff ratio about 1:1.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/acads/history.htm| title = Introduction to the university | publisher = GBPUA&t | accessdate = 2009-11-24 }}</ref>
{| class="toccolours" style="float: center; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 100%; line-height: 1.4em;" width="500px"
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | '''Colleges of GBPUA&T, Pantnagar'''
|-
| '''College''' || '''Year founded''' ||'''Annual student intake'''<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=GBPUA&T|url= http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/admiss/Prospectus%202009-10.pdf |format= pdf|title=Admission prospectus, 2009–2010}} These figures are indicative and actual intake may vary slightly. Please note that these are intake capacity and not actual student strength. Actual batch strength can be less by 2–10%, especially in non-engineering, non-management programs. PG and few other programs are counted along with major associated College</ref> || '''Faculty strength'''<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=GBPUA&T|url= http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/RTI/Academic%20Staff%20Final.pdf |format= pdf|title=Directory of Academic Staff (Right to Information Act Manual)}} These are actual figures for staff on current payroll. This does not include vacant positions</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |<hr>
|-
|-
| [[College of Agriculture, Pantnagar|College of Agriculture]] || 1960 || 425 || 170
|-
| [[College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pantnagar|College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences]] || 1960 || 255 || 81
|-
| [[College of Technology, Pantnagar|College of Technology]] || 1962 || 532 || 98
|-
| [[College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Pantnagar|College of Basic Sciences and Humanities]] || 1963 || 185 || 72
|-
| [[College of Post Graduate Studies, Pantnagar|College of Post Graduate Studies]] || 1963 || * || * ||
|-
| [[College of Home Science, Pantnagar|College of Home Science]] || 1971 || 125 || 25 ||
|-
| [[College of Fishery Sciences, Pantnagar|College of Fishery Sciences]] || 1985 || 41 || 13 ||
|-
| [[College of Agribusiness Management, Pantnagar|College of Agribusiness Management]]|| 1996 || 90 || 9
|-
| [[International School for Agriculture, Pantnagar|International School for Agriculture]] || 2010 || 17 || ** ||
|-
||
|        *''Counted in associated College''
|        **''Participating faculty from various departments''
|}
 
===Education system===
The university shifted from a [[Academic term|trimester]] to a [[Academic term|semester]] system in the 1980s to reduce the workload on students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.iauaindia.org/recommendations_fr.htm| title = Recommendations of IAUA Conventions| publisher = [[Indian Agricultural Universities Association]] | accessdate = 2009-11-24 }}</ref> There are 200–210 net instructional days per year, which is highest in India.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/registrar/Registrar.htm| title = Registrars office| publisher = GBPUA&T | accessdate = 2009-11-24 }}</ref> The minimum duration of all UG programs of the university is 8 semesters (4 years), except [[Bachelor of Veterinary Science|BVSc&AH]] (10 semesters, 5-year). All the UG programs are infused with extensive practical training and include one semester of compulsory [[internship]]/ [[work experience]]. All Masters programs are of 4 semester (2 years), except [[Master of Computer Applications|MCA]] (6 semester/ 3 years). Normal duration for PhD is 6 semesters. The university follows a credit based [[GPA]] system for evaluation. In 1998, it shifted from the US style 5-point and [[letter grade]] system to a 10-point [[GPA]] based system, for easy conversion to [[percentages]], which are more commonly used in India.
 
{| class="toccolours" style="float: center; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 80%; line-height: 1.4em;" width="200px"
! colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | '''Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA)'''
|-
| colspan="4" |<hr>
::<math> CGPA \,\! = {\sum_{i=1}^N C_i . {GP}_i \over \sum_{i=1}^N C_i}</math>
 
where:
:* <math>N</math> is the number of courses,
:* <math>C_i</math> is credits of the <math>i^{th}</math> course,
:* <math>{GP}_i</math> is grade points for the <math>i^{th}</math> course.
|}
The university follows 100% internal evaluation on continuous basis. A course has typically 2 pre-final exams (popularly called as "hourlies"), 1 lab final exam and 1 semester-end final exam, totalling 4 evaluation cycles per semester. Typically, a UG student registers for 8 courses in a semester, leading to 8*4= 32 exams i.e. on an average basis, 1 exam on every fourth working day. Since its inception, Pantnagar University is known for its academic rigour for keeping its students always busy.<ref>{{cite journal | jstor = 4366682| title = Banerjee, S. 1978. Miniature Green Revolution Society| publisher = [[Economic and Political Weekly]]}}</ref>
 
==Research==
Being an Agriculture and Technology university, the main focus of research is on agriculture and engineering.
Research is coordinated by a Directorate of Experiment Station and carried out through ~70 subject-matter departments spread across colleges, 14 specialised research centres located in the campus, 7 dedicated off-campus research stations and 10 off-campus horticultural research-cum-extension centres. So far, the university has released 211 [[Plant variety (law)|varieties]], many of which played important role in [[Green Revolution]].<ref name="Charanjit Ahuja 1994, p.3"/> The work of the university in introducing [[soybean]] as a crop in India is well known.<ref>Singh, BB.Success of Soybean in India: The Early Challenges and Pioneer Promoters. Asian Agri-History Foundation ( http://www.agrihistory.org/pdf/successofsoyabean.pdf)</ref><ref>William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi. History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: 1100 B.C. to the 1980s. Soyinfo Center, Lafayette, California (http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/indian_subcon2.php)</ref> As [[Uttarakhand]] has been declared an 'Organic state', the present thrust of research is on [[Organic farming]] and [[Biological pest control]]. The university has developed a pregnancy diagnostic kit for cattle and its [[Salmonellosis]] [[vaccine]] for poultry is in advanced trials. In 1991, engineers of the university developed a 'Zero-till Ferti seed drill' for [[No-till farming]] along with NATIONAL AGRO INDUSTRIES Ludhiana Punjab, which has been immensely popular in [[Haryana]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and other areas of Indo-gangetic plains. [[CIMMYT]]/[[CGIAR]] has described zero tillage technology based on the Pantnagar [[seed drill]] as the most widely adopted resource conserving technology in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, till date.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rwc.cgiar.org/pubs/185/Laxmi%20et%20al%202007%20ZT%20impact%20report.pdf| title = Luxmi, Vijay, Erenstein, O., and Gupta, Raj K. 2007. IMPACT OF ZERO TILLAGE IN INDIA’S RICE-WHEAT SYSTEMS| publisher = [[CGIAR]] | accessdate = 2009-11-27 }}</ref>
 
==Extension==
[[Agricultural extension|Extension]] is one of the three mandates of the university. University organises informal [[continuing education]] programs for rural people for achieving better [[diffusion of innovation]]. The university reaches out to a wider clientele through short term training programs at its campuses, [[Farmer Field Schools]], [[Participatory technology development]] programs, radio and television broadcast, [[community radio]] based [[narrowcasting]], print media, Farmer's fairs, and other innovative communication technologies. The university maintains a State Agricultural Management and Extension Training Institute and a network of 11 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (Farm Science Centres,KVKs) located in various districts.
 
==Student life==
 
===Residential life===
Pantnagar is a [[Residential college|residential university]]. [[Hostel]] accommodation is compulsory, except for the wards of university employees who live in the campus. In the Pantnagar campus, there are 23 hostels (called bhawans), including seven for girls, two for married couples and one for working women. The older hostels are named after important personalities of India: [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Kasturba Gandhi]], [[Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya]], [[Chittaranjan Das]] (I and II) and [[Vivekananda]] with the exception of a hostel named [[Silver Jubilee|Silver Jublee]], which commemorates 25 years of the university.
 
The names of newly constructed bhawans are inspired from the geography of Uttarakhand — [[Gangotri]], [[Yamunotri]], [[Siwalik Hills|Shivalik]], [[Mandakini River|Mandakini]], [[Bhagirathi]], [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda]] etc. — with an exception of a new hostel named [[Golden Jubilee|'Golden Jublee']], commemorating 50 years. Most of older hostels are along the 'third arc' as per the original 'concentric semicircles' campus plan, while newer ones are on radial roads or other parts of the campus. There are two guest houses, Lambert's Square and International Guest House, which has a hostel wing for foreign students and an attached Farmer's Hostel. The hostels have student-managed or, in few cases, outsourced [[cafeteria]]-style food services.
 
All the faculty members and employees stay in bungalows and apartments on campus.
 
===Extracurricular activities===
Most of the students' activities are organised through college-level professional societies, like the Agriculture Society, the Engineering Society, the Management Society, etc. These societies organise popular fests, fairs, cultural nights, treasure hunts and competitions year round. Apart from these, there are departmental societies, hostel societies and other organisations like Vivekanand Swadhyaya Mandal, Sanskritic Chetna Parishad, etc. which organise popular student activities. The Pantnagar Chapter of [[SPIC MACAY]] regularly organises classical [[Indian classical music|music]] and [[Indian classical dance|dance]] concerts by renowned artistes. [http://www.chetna-india.org CHETNA] Student Wing is an extension of CHETNA NGO (Delhi) working for upliftment of underprivileged and poor children in the campus and nearby areas.
 
The university [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC) chapter organises basic military training and adventure sports for student-cadets. The Remount & Veterinary (R&V) core is a [[Cavalry]] regiment of NCC, which trains students for professional [[equestrianism]] (horse riding). Pantnagar is among very few universities in India to have a full-fledged Air Squadron under NCC Air Wing, which promotes aviation and airmanship among students through its activities organised in the [[Pantnagar Airport|airport]] on campus.
 
All undergraduate students of Pantnagar take part in [[community service]], which fetches them two credits towards their degrees in form of a mandatory [[National Service Scheme]] course involving 240 hours/10 days of social service. Students also take part in [[liberal education]] courses offered by the university like dance, music, [[yoga]], Indian cultural heritage, [[personality development]], English [[vocabulary]], Indian languages ([[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]), foreign languages (French, German), etc. Stevenson stadium is the hub of sports activities, which are organised through 17 [[Sports club|sport clubs]].
 
===Notable alumni===
*[[Islam A. Siddiqui|Dr. Islam A. Siddiqui]], [[Chief Agricultural Negotiator]] in the [[Office of the United States Trade Representative]] (USTR)
*Dr. Ashwani Kumar Tripathi, first appointed Doctor of Kanpur Zoo (1974-75)
*[[Baba Sehgal]], [[Indian pop]] singer
*[[Vineet Nayar]], Vice-Chairman of [[HCL Technologies]]
*[[Gyanendra Shukla]], MD of [[Monsanto India Ltd.]]
* [[Sankar Datta]]<ref>http://www.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/sankar-datta</ref><ref>http://www.basixindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=115&Itemid=138</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[Agricultural Universities (India)]]
*[[College of Agriculture, Pantnagar|College of Agriculture]], [[Pantnagar]]
*[[College of Technology, Pantnagar]]
*[http://cabm.ac.in/ College of Agribusiness Management], Pantnagar
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.gbpuat.ac.in Official site of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology]
* [http://www.gbpuat-tech.ac.in Official site of College of Technology]
* [http://gov.ua.nic.in Uttarakhand Government Website]
* [http://cabm.ac.in/ Official Website of College of Agribusiness Management, Pantnagar]
 
{{Coord|29|03|N|79|31|E|region:IN_type:city|display=title}}
 
{{Universities in Uttarakhand}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Govind Ballabh Pant University Of Agriculture and Technology}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Udham Singh Nagar district]]

Revision as of 05:02, 10 December 2012

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G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUA&T, Pantnagar University or simply "Pantnagar") is the first agricultural university of India. It was inaugurated by Jawahar Lal Nehru on 17 November 1960 as the Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University (UPAU). Later the name was changed to Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1972 in memory of the great freedom fighter Govind Ballabh Pant. The University was declared as the best among all the other State Universities in India, in 1997. The University lies in the campus-town of Pantnagar in the district of Udham Singh Nagar in the state of Uttarakhand. The university is regarded as the harbinger of Green Revolution in India.[1]

History

Pre-establishment groundwork (1949–1959)

The first Education Commission of India (1949) headed by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan recommended setting up rural universities in India on American land-grant model.[2] Uttar Pradesh (UP), under chief-ministership of Govind Ballabh Pant, took the first step and in 1954 invited an Indo- American team headed by Dr K R Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, to consider an area around Tarai State farm in Nainital district as a possible site for a rural university.[3] This area was actually a dense forest near Himalayan foothills and the government was using this area to rehabilitate Hindu/ Sikh migrants from West Pakistan, in the aftermath of the partition.[4][5] Encouraged by favourable view of the Damle team, two senior government officials- H S Sandhu and A N Jha visited United States to look for collaborations with US Universities. In consultation with University of Illinois dean Dr H W Hannah, the state of UP presented a proposal to the Central government in 1956 for establishing a Land-grant style university. Thereafter, a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and few US land grant universities, was signed to promote agricultural education in India.[6] The US universities included the University of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, the University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of mentoring the proposed university in UP was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959.

Initial years and development (1960–1972)

The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru, on 17 November 1960. In the early Days, Illinois faculty served the university in designing its education system and putting in place an effective research and extension system. Six to eight Illinois faculty used to stay in Pantnagar at a time serving between 2 and 4-year terms for a period of 12 years. Dr. William Thompson, a team member on site at Pantnagar, shared that it was unusual for the project to start a university in a place with nothing. All buildings and facilities had to be constructed in the jungle there. In 1965, drastic upheaval of the university board of directors, which was spurred by lack of state government support for the institution, caused removal of the entire administrative and governance team of the university. D P Singh was named vice chancellor of the university with complete control over its affairs until a new board of directors was chosen. Under Singh's leadership, many necessary upgrades took place, and the university flourished.[7] The University of Illinois left Pantnagar in 1972, when president Richard Nixon ordered Americans out of the near east.[8]

The UP Act XI-V of 1958– the founding legislative act was later amended under UP Universities Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Govind Ballabh Pant.

Pantnagar is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. US greatly influenced the development of the university through its funding of several university programs. Many of the university's research activities were funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Indo-U.S. Technical Cooperation Programme, and the United States Agency for International Development (program Public Law 480). The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 41 other state agricultural universities in the country.[9]

Role in ushering Green Revolution

Pantnagar University soon became a significant force in the development and transfer of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds and related technology.[10] The Mexican wheat varieties, developed by Norman Borlaug were tested in Pantnagar[11][12] and locally adaptable selections, like Pantnagar Kalyan Sona[13] and other improved varieties were released for farmers. The university utilised its Template:Convert of land to launch one of the largest seed production programs at that time, under the brand name Pantnagar Seeds, which became a household name in rural India. The contribution of the university was recognised by Norman Borlaug, who described Pantnagar as "Harbinger of Green Revolution".[14]

Campus

The University campus at Pantnagar is spread in an area of Template:Convert[15] which makes it the second largest university in the world, in terms of contiguous area. Before 2002, the university ownedTemplate:Convert,[16] out of which Template:Convert was transferred to State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand (SIDCUL) for developing an Integrated Industrial estate,[17][18] thus leaving Template:Convert with the university. Remaining land was transferred to other industries, railways, airport etc. Moscow State University is built vertically and has a larger total floor area but occupies a smaller piece of land. Berry College occupies Template:Convert of contiguous land, and Paul Smith's College occupies Template:Convert of land in the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York, but neither is a university. Duke University occupies Template:Convert, but they are not contiguous.[19] The United States Air Force Academy has a contiguous Template:Convert at its disposal, but it is not a university. Dartmouth College, with a large land grant,[20] owns more than Template:Convert,but only Template:Convert of those are part of the campus.[21][22] Stanford University owns Template:Convert, which makes it the third largest university in the world, in terms of contiguous area.[23]Sewanee: The University of the South occupies Template:Convert in its "Domain", making it largest contiguous university campus.

The university campus is located at a distance of 250 km from Delhi in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand. The nearby towns are Rudrapur (16 km), Haldwani (25 km) and Nainital (65 km). Two National Highways- NH 87 and Bareilly- Nainital highway touch the campus. Pantnagar Airport, operated by Airports Authority of India is located in the campus, 2.5 km west of main administrative building. Two railway stations of North Eastern Railways- Pantnagar (IR Code PBW) and Haldi Road (IR Code HLDD) are located in the campus at a distance of 4 km (east) and 3 km (west) respectively from administrative building. University shuttle service, local rickshaws, auto-rickshaws and matador vans connect various parts of the campus. Pantnagar is a purely residential university and comprises an independent township in itself.[24] Population of Pantnagar, prior to establishment of Industrial estate was 35,820 (Census, 2001). Pantnagar is a part of Pantnagar- Gadarpur assembly constituency.[25] The 'Concentric semicircles' or the 'rising sun' plan of the campus-centre was a brainchild of Department of Architecture of Illinois University.[26][27] Pantnagar is often seen as a small and remote tourist location[28]

Administration and organization

In the Indian higher education system, Pantnagar is classified as a State Agricultural University (SAU).[29] The university is in the jurisdiction of the state government. The Governor of the state is ex-officio Chancellor of the university and (s)he appoints a Vice-chancellor (VC), who functions as a full-time Chief executive of the university. The VC chairs a 13-membered Board of Management, which is the highest executive body of the university and oversees primarily financial and administrative matters and also ratifies recommendations of other councils of the university. The other councils are the Academic council, the Research council and the Extension education council.[30] Governor of Uttarakhand Aziz Qureshi is present Chancellor and Alok Kumar Jain is VC (acting) of the university.

Budget allocations for GBPUA&T, Pantnagar in Rs crores (figure in parentheses are actual expenditures)[31][31][31]
State ICAR Other sources Total
2005–2006 91.365 (84.570) 26.970 (22.735) 24.286 (24.653) 142.621 (131.958)
2006–2007 105.068 (94.016) 28.331 (29.502) 11.467 (13.833) 144.866 (137.351)
2007–2008 120.596 (115.990) 46.012 (47.302) 18.028 (11.166) 184.636 (174.458)
2008–2009 144.416 (138.925) 37.066 (36.274) 19.712 (15.458) 201.194 (190.657)
2009–2010 118.035 (133.310) 24.469 (25.988) 14.808 (13.231) 157.312 (172.319)
2010–2011 166.127 (168.726) 28.365 (25.617) 9.637 (8.998) 204.129 (203.341)
2011–2012 197.974 (185.581) 33.754 (28.198) 9.237 (6.406) 240.965 (220.185)

The university is financed primarily from grant-in-aid of the state government and through grants received from the central government through Indian Council of Agricultural Research, besides income from student tuition fees, sponsored research, university farm, etc. Total allocated budget for the university in the year 2011–2012 stood at Rs 240 crores (~ US$50 million), which puts Pantnagar among top five SAUs in terms of financial resources.[31]

Recently, a high powered central government committee – the Committee to Advise on Renovation and Rejuvenation of Higher Education (Yashpal Committee, 2009) — has recommended converting agricultural universities into general universities encompassing all branches of studies.[32][33] There is also a popular demand to convert Pantnagar University into a Central University.[34]Template:Verify credibility

Academics

Colleges

Pantnagar is a non-affiliating university and its academic activities are organized through its nine constituent colleges (faculties),which run large undergraduate (UG) programs. All Masters and PhD students are part of College of Post Graduate Studies, however they have strong association with one of the other colleges as per their academic major. Prior to 2012, the university also had two off-campus colleges namely, College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture at Ranichauri (founded 1991) and Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali College of Horticulture at Bharsar (founded 2002). However, recently, through an act of state legislature[35] these colleges have been transferred to newly incorporated Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry. Distributed among colleges and other units of the university, there are 763 teachers and officers 59 technical personnel, 631 administrative personnel and 1425 class III employees, amounting to a total staff strength of 2878 against a students strength of 2800–3000, which makes teacher taught ratio of about 1:6 and student-staff ratio about 1:1.[36]

Colleges of GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
College Year founded Annual student intake[37] Faculty strength[38]
College of Agriculture 1960 425 170
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 1960 255 81
College of Technology 1962 532 98
College of Basic Sciences and Humanities 1963 185 72
College of Post Graduate Studies 1963 * *
College of Home Science 1971 125 25
College of Fishery Sciences 1985 41 13
College of Agribusiness Management 1996 90 9
International School for Agriculture 2010 17 **
*Counted in associated College **Participating faculty from various departments

Education system

The university shifted from a trimester to a semester system in the 1980s to reduce the workload on students.[39] There are 200–210 net instructional days per year, which is highest in India.[40] The minimum duration of all UG programs of the university is 8 semesters (4 years), except BVSc&AH (10 semesters, 5-year). All the UG programs are infused with extensive practical training and include one semester of compulsory internship/ work experience. All Masters programs are of 4 semester (2 years), except MCA (6 semester/ 3 years). Normal duration for PhD is 6 semesters. The university follows a credit based GPA system for evaluation. In 1998, it shifted from the US style 5-point and letter grade system to a 10-point GPA based system, for easy conversion to percentages, which are more commonly used in India.

Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA)

where:

The university follows 100% internal evaluation on continuous basis. A course has typically 2 pre-final exams (popularly called as "hourlies"), 1 lab final exam and 1 semester-end final exam, totalling 4 evaluation cycles per semester. Typically, a UG student registers for 8 courses in a semester, leading to 8*4= 32 exams i.e. on an average basis, 1 exam on every fourth working day. Since its inception, Pantnagar University is known for its academic rigour for keeping its students always busy.[41]

Research

Being an Agriculture and Technology university, the main focus of research is on agriculture and engineering. Research is coordinated by a Directorate of Experiment Station and carried out through ~70 subject-matter departments spread across colleges, 14 specialised research centres located in the campus, 7 dedicated off-campus research stations and 10 off-campus horticultural research-cum-extension centres. So far, the university has released 211 varieties, many of which played important role in Green Revolution.[10] The work of the university in introducing soybean as a crop in India is well known.[42][43] As Uttarakhand has been declared an 'Organic state', the present thrust of research is on Organic farming and Biological pest control. The university has developed a pregnancy diagnostic kit for cattle and its Salmonellosis vaccine for poultry is in advanced trials. In 1991, engineers of the university developed a 'Zero-till Ferti seed drill' for No-till farming along with NATIONAL AGRO INDUSTRIES Ludhiana Punjab, which has been immensely popular in Haryana, Punjab and other areas of Indo-gangetic plains. CIMMYT/CGIAR has described zero tillage technology based on the Pantnagar seed drill as the most widely adopted resource conserving technology in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, till date.[44]

Extension

Extension is one of the three mandates of the university. University organises informal continuing education programs for rural people for achieving better diffusion of innovation. The university reaches out to a wider clientele through short term training programs at its campuses, Farmer Field Schools, Participatory technology development programs, radio and television broadcast, community radio based narrowcasting, print media, Farmer's fairs, and other innovative communication technologies. The university maintains a State Agricultural Management and Extension Training Institute and a network of 11 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (Farm Science Centres,KVKs) located in various districts.

Student life

Residential life

Pantnagar is a residential university. Hostel accommodation is compulsory, except for the wards of university employees who live in the campus. In the Pantnagar campus, there are 23 hostels (called bhawans), including seven for girls, two for married couples and one for working women. The older hostels are named after important personalities of India: Mohandas K. Gandhi, Subhas Chandra Bose, Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Govind Ballabh Pant, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rabindranath Tagore, Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya, Chittaranjan Das (I and II) and Vivekananda with the exception of a hostel named Silver Jublee, which commemorates 25 years of the university.

The names of newly constructed bhawans are inspired from the geography of Uttarakhand — Gangotri, Yamunotri, Shivalik, Mandakini, Bhagirathi, Alaknanda etc. — with an exception of a new hostel named 'Golden Jublee', commemorating 50 years. Most of older hostels are along the 'third arc' as per the original 'concentric semicircles' campus plan, while newer ones are on radial roads or other parts of the campus. There are two guest houses, Lambert's Square and International Guest House, which has a hostel wing for foreign students and an attached Farmer's Hostel. The hostels have student-managed or, in few cases, outsourced cafeteria-style food services.

All the faculty members and employees stay in bungalows and apartments on campus.

Extracurricular activities

Most of the students' activities are organised through college-level professional societies, like the Agriculture Society, the Engineering Society, the Management Society, etc. These societies organise popular fests, fairs, cultural nights, treasure hunts and competitions year round. Apart from these, there are departmental societies, hostel societies and other organisations like Vivekanand Swadhyaya Mandal, Sanskritic Chetna Parishad, etc. which organise popular student activities. The Pantnagar Chapter of SPIC MACAY regularly organises classical music and dance concerts by renowned artistes. CHETNA Student Wing is an extension of CHETNA NGO (Delhi) working for upliftment of underprivileged and poor children in the campus and nearby areas.

The university National Cadet Corps (NCC) chapter organises basic military training and adventure sports for student-cadets. The Remount & Veterinary (R&V) core is a Cavalry regiment of NCC, which trains students for professional equestrianism (horse riding). Pantnagar is among very few universities in India to have a full-fledged Air Squadron under NCC Air Wing, which promotes aviation and airmanship among students through its activities organised in the airport on campus.

All undergraduate students of Pantnagar take part in community service, which fetches them two credits towards their degrees in form of a mandatory National Service Scheme course involving 240 hours/10 days of social service. Students also take part in liberal education courses offered by the university like dance, music, yoga, Indian cultural heritage, personality development, English vocabulary, Indian languages (Tamil, Punjabi), foreign languages (French, German), etc. Stevenson stadium is the hub of sports activities, which are organised through 17 sport clubs.

Notable alumni

See also

References

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External links

Template:Coord

Template:Universities in Uttarakhand

  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
  2. ↑ http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/n/75/7Y/toc.htm
  3. ↑ Rudra 1978:390
  4. ↑ Ajay S. Rawat. Deforestation and Forest Policy in the Lesser Himalayan Kumaun: Impacts on Peasant Women and Tribal Populations. Mountain Research and Development, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Nov. 1995), pp. 311–322, http://www.jstor.org/pss/3673807
  5. ↑ P. C. Tiwari and Bhagwati Joshi. Wildlife in the Himalayan foothills: conservation and management. Indus Publishing, 1997, ISBN 817387066
  6. ↑ GOI Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs 1959 Report on the Indo-U.S. Technical Co-operation Programme. New Delhi: GOI, p.157
  7. ↑ Template:Cite web
  8. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  9. ↑ Template:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University 1963:14–19 and Charanjit Ahuja "One University That Actually Works" Indian Express, 9 March 1994, p.3
  11. ↑ Template:Cite web Template:Dead link
  12. ↑ Template:Cite web
  13. ↑ Template:Cite web
  14. ↑ Template:Cite web
  15. ↑ Template:Cite web
  16. ↑ Template:Cite web
  17. ↑ http://www.sidcul.com/sidculweb/inner_pages.aspx?cat_id=3&art_id=7
  18. ↑ Template:Cite web
  19. ↑ Template:Cite web
  20. ↑ Template:Cite web
  21. ↑ Template:Cite web
  22. ↑ Template:Cite web
  23. ↑ Template:Cite web
  24. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 Template:Listed Invalid ISBN.
  25. ↑ Template:Cite web
  26. ↑ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Architecture 1975 Campus Development Planning Study; G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology. Urbana: University of Illinois, p.4 and Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University 1963:27
  27. ↑ Campus Development Planning Study, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India, by Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities, Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign. Dept. of Architecture, H James Miller, Wisconsin University-Milwaukee and others. Published by Graduate Division, Dept. of Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1976
  28. ↑ http://www.tripwolf.com/en/guide/show/388331/India/PANTNAGAR
  29. ↑ Template:Cite web
  30. ↑ Template:Cite web
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Template:Cite web Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "iasri.res.in" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "iasri.res.in" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "iasri.res.in" defined multiple times with different content
  32. ↑ Template:Cite news
  33. ↑ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/higher-education-body-yashpal-for-change-in-plan/518072/
  34. ↑ Central University Pantnagar and visionless politics Nainital Samachar (Hindi), 15 January 2010
  35. ↑ Template:Cite web The act has been notified on 28 April 2011, a new VC was appointed in September, property re-distribution between two universities is complete and the new university is beginning its session from 2012–2013
  36. ↑ Template:Cite web
  37. ↑ Template:Cite web These figures are indicative and actual intake may vary slightly. Please note that these are intake capacity and not actual student strength. Actual batch strength can be less by 2–10%, especially in non-engineering, non-management programs. PG and few other programs are counted along with major associated College
  38. ↑ Template:Cite web These are actual figures for staff on current payroll. This does not include vacant positions
  39. ↑ Template:Cite web
  40. ↑ Template:Cite web
  41. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  42. ↑ Singh, BB.Success of Soybean in India: The Early Challenges and Pioneer Promoters. Asian Agri-History Foundation ( http://www.agrihistory.org/pdf/successofsoyabean.pdf)
  43. ↑ William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi. History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: 1100 B.C. to the 1980s. Soyinfo Center, Lafayette, California (http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/indian_subcon2.php)
  44. ↑ Template:Cite web
  45. ↑ http://www.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/sankar-datta
  46. ↑ http://www.basixindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=115&Itemid=138
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