Resultant force

In functional analysis, a reflexive operator algebra A is an operator algebra that has enough invariant subspaces to characterize it. Formally, A is reflexive if it is equal to the algebra of bounded operators which leave invariant each subspace left invariant by every operator in A.

This should not be confused with a reflexive space.

Examples

Nest algebras are examples of reflexive operator algebras. In finite dimensions, these are simply algebras of all matrices of a given size whose nonzero entries lie in an upper-triangular pattern.

In fact if we fix any pattern of entries in an n by n matrix containing the diagonal, then the set of all n by n matrices whose nonzero entries lie in this pattern forms a reflexive algebra.

An example of an algebra which is not reflexive is the set of 2 by 2 matrices

$\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}a&b\\0&a\end{pmatrix}}\ :\ a,b\in \mathbb {C} \right\}.$

This algebra is smaller than the Nest algebra

$\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}a&b\\0&c\end{pmatrix}}\ :\ a,b,c\in \mathbb {C} \right\}$

but has the same invariant subspaces, so it is not reflexive.

If T is a fixed n by n matrix then the set of all polynomials in T and the identity operator forms a unital operator algebra. A theorem of Deddens and Fillmore states that this algebra is reflexive if and only if the largest two blocks in the Jordan normal form of T differ in size by at most one. For example, the algebra

$\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}a&b&0\\0&a&0\\0&0&a\end{pmatrix}}\ :\ a,b\in \mathbb {C} \right\}$

which is equal to the set of all polynomials in

$T={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&0\\0&0&0\\0&0&0\end{pmatrix}}$

and the identity is reflexive.

Hyper-reflexivity

Let ${\mathcal {A}}$ be a weak*-closed operator algebra contained in B(H), the set of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space H and for T any operator in B(H), let

$\beta (T,{\mathcal {A}})=\sup\{\|P^{\perp }TP\|\ :\ P{\mbox{ is a projection and }}P^{\perp }{\mathcal {A}}P=(0)\}$.

Observe that P is a projection involved in this supremum precisely if the range of P is an invariant subspace of ${\mathcal {A}}$.

The algebra ${\mathcal {A}}$ is reflexive if and only if for every T in B(H):

$\beta (T,{\mathcal {A}})=0{\mbox{ implies that }}T{\mbox{ is in }}{\mathcal {A}}$.

We note that for any T in B(H) the following inequality is satisfied:

$\beta (T,{\mathcal {A}})\leq {\mbox{dist}}(T,{\mathcal {A}})$.

Here ${\mbox{dist}}(T,{\mathcal {A}})$ is the distance of T from the algebra, namely the smallest norm of an operator T-A where A runs over the algebra. We call ${\mathcal {A}}$ hyperreflexive if there is a constant K such that for every operator T in B(H),

${\mbox{dist}}(T,{\mathcal {A}})\leq K\beta (T,{\mathcal {A}})$.

The smallest such K is called the distance constant for ${\mathcal {A}}$. A hyper-reflexive operator algebra is automatically reflexive.

In the case of a reflexive algebra of matrices with nonzero entries specified by a given pattern, the problem of finding the distance constant can be rephrased as a matrix-filling problem: if we fill the entries in the complement of the pattern with arbitrary entries, what choice of entries in the pattern gives the smallest operator norm?

Examples

• Every finite-dimensional reflexive algebra is hyper-reflexive. However, there are examples of infinite-dimensional reflexive operator algebras which are not hyper-reflexive.

• The distance constant for a one dimensional algebra is 1.

• Nest algebras are hyper-reflexive with distance constant 1.

• Many von Neumann algebras are hyper-reflexive, but it is not known if they all are.

• A type I von Neumann algebra is hyper-reflexive with distance constant at most 2.

See also

• Invariant subspace
• subspace lattice
• reflexive subspace lattice
• nest algebra

References

• William Arveson, Ten lectures on operator algebras, ISBN 0-8218-0705-6
• H. Radjavi and P. Rosenthal, Invariant Subspaces, ISBN 0-486-42822-2