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[[Image:Fermat's spiral.svg|frame|right|Fermat's spiral]]
'''Fermat's spiral''' (also known as a [[parabola|parabolic]] [[spiral]]) follows the equation
 
:<math>r = \pm\theta^{1/2}\,</math>
 
in [[polar coordinates]] (the more general Fermat's spiral follows ''r''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup>&nbsp;=&nbsp;''a''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup>''&theta;''.)
It is a type of [[Archimedean spiral#General Archimedean spiral|Archimedean spiral]].<ref>{{mathworld|urlname=FermatsSpiral |title=Fermat Spiral}}</ref>
 
In disc [[phyllotaxis]] ([[sunflower]], daisy), the mesh of spirals occurs in [[Fibonacci number]]s because divergence (angle of succession in a single spiral arrangement) approaches the [[golden ratio]].  The shape of the spirals depends on the growth of the elements generated sequentially. In mature-disc [[phyllotaxis]], when all the elements are the same size, the shape of the spirals is that of Fermat spirals&mdash;ideally. That is because Fermat's spiral traverses equal [[annulus (mathematics)|annuli]] in equal turns. The full model proposed by H Vogel in 1979<ref>
{{Cite journal
  | last =Vogel
  | first =H
  | title =A better way to construct the sunflower head
  | journal =Mathematical Biosciences
  | issue =44
  | pages =179–189
  | year =1979
  | doi =10.1016/0025-5564(79)90080-4
  | volume =44
  | postscript =<!--None-->
}}</ref> is  
 
:<math>r = c \sqrt{n},</math>
 
:<math>\theta = n \times 137.508^\circ,</math>
 
where ''θ'' is the angle, ''r'' is the radius or distance from the center, and ''n'' is the index number of the floret and ''c'' is a constant scaling factor. The angle 137.508° is the [[golden angle]] which is approximated by ratios of [[Fibonacci number]]s.<ref>{{cite book
  | last =Prusinkiewicz
  | first =Przemyslaw
  | authorlink =Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz
  | coauthors =[[Aristid Lindenmayer|Lindenmayer, Aristid]]
  | title =The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants
  | publisher =Springer-Verlag
  | date =1990
  | location =
  | pages =101&ndash;107
  | url =http://algorithmicbotany.org/papers/#webdocs
  | doi =
  | isbn = 978-0-387-97297-8 }}</ref>
Fermat's spiral has also been found to be an efficient layout for the mirrors of [[concentrated solar power]] plants.<ref>
{{Cite journal
  | last =Noone
  | first =Corey J.
  | last =Torrilhon
  | first =Manuel
  | last =Mitsos
  | first = Alexander
  | title =Heliostat Field Optimization: A New Computationally Efficient Model and Biomimetic Layout
  | journal =Solar Energy
  |date=December 2011
  | doi =10.1016/j.solener.2011.12.007
  | note = In Press
  | postscript =<!--None-->
}}</ref>  
 
[[Image:Sunflower spiral.png|thumb|692px|The pattern of florets produced by Vogel's model (central image). The other two images show the patterns for slightly different values of the angle.]]
{{clear}}
== See also ==
 
* [[Patterns in nature]]
* [[Spiral of Theodorus]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
* {{cite book | author=J. Dennis Lawrence | title=A catalog of special plane curves | publisher=Dover Publications | year=1972 | isbn=0-486-60288-5 | pages=31,186 }}
 
==External links==
* {{springer|title=Fermat spiral|id=p/f038420}}
* [http://jsxgraph.uni-bayreuth.de/wiki/index.php/Fermat's_spiral Online exploration using JSXGraph (JavaScript)]
 
[[Category:Spirals]]

Revision as of 20:45, 21 January 2014

Fermat's spiral

Fermat's spiral (also known as a parabolic spiral) follows the equation

in polar coordinates (the more general Fermat's spiral follows r 2 = a 2θ.) It is a type of Archimedean spiral.[1]

In disc phyllotaxis (sunflower, daisy), the mesh of spirals occurs in Fibonacci numbers because divergence (angle of succession in a single spiral arrangement) approaches the golden ratio. The shape of the spirals depends on the growth of the elements generated sequentially. In mature-disc phyllotaxis, when all the elements are the same size, the shape of the spirals is that of Fermat spirals—ideally. That is because Fermat's spiral traverses equal annuli in equal turns. The full model proposed by H Vogel in 1979[2] is

where θ is the angle, r is the radius or distance from the center, and n is the index number of the floret and c is a constant scaling factor. The angle 137.508° is the golden angle which is approximated by ratios of Fibonacci numbers.[3] Fermat's spiral has also been found to be an efficient layout for the mirrors of concentrated solar power plants.[4]

The pattern of florets produced by Vogel's model (central image). The other two images show the patterns for slightly different values of the angle.

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  3. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

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    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

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    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang