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[[Image:Fredkin gate.svg|150px|thumb|Circuit representation of Fredkin gate]]
<br><br>It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>If you are you looking for more info regarding [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 Best Dentists in DC] visit our web-page.
The '''Fredkin gate''' (also '''CSWAP gate''') is a computational circuit suitable for [[reversible computing]], invented by [[Ed Fredkin]]. It is ''universal'', which means that any logical or arithmetic operation can be constructed entirely of Fredkin gates. The Fredkin gate is the three-bit gate that swaps the last two bits if the first bit is 1.
 
== Definition ==
 
The basic Fredkin gate<ref>Brown, Julian, [http://books.google.com/books?id=ECWm59h2pLAC&pg=PAS8 The Quest for the Quantum Computer], New York : Touchstone, 2000.</ref> is a [[Quantum_gate#Controlled_gates|controlled]] [[Quantum_gate#Swap_gate|swap gate]] that [[function (mathematics)|maps]] three inputs (''C'', ''I''<sub>1</sub>, ''I''<sub>2</sub>) onto three outputs (''C'', ''O''<sub>1</sub>, ''O''<sub>2</sub>). The ''C'' input is mapped directly to the ''C'' output. If ''C'' = 0, no swap is performed; ''I''<sub>1</sub> maps to ''O''<sub>1</sub>, and ''I''<sub>2</sub> maps to ''O''<sub>2</sub>. Otherwise, the two outputs are swapped so that ''I''<sub>1</sub> maps to ''O''<sub>2</sub>, and ''I''<sub>2</sub> maps to ''O''<sub>1</sub>. It is easy to see that this circuit is reversible, i.e., "undoes itself" when run backwards. A generalized ''n''×''n'' Fredkin gate passes its first ''n''-2 inputs unchanged to the corresponding outputs, and swaps its last two outputs if and only if the first ''n''-2 inputs are all 1.
 
The Fredkin gate is the reversible three-bit gate that swaps the last two bits if the first bit is 1.
 
{|
! Truth table !! Matrix form
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | INPUT
! colspan="3" | OUTPUT
|- align="center"
! ''C'' !! ''I''<sub>1</sub> !! ''I''<sub>2</sub>
! ''C'' !! ''O''<sub>1</sub> !! ''O''<sub>2</sub>
|- align="center"
| &nbsp;0&nbsp; || &nbsp;0&nbsp; || &nbsp;0&nbsp;
| &nbsp;0&nbsp; || &nbsp;0&nbsp; || &nbsp;0&nbsp;
|- align="center"
| 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|- align="center"
| 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
|- align="center"
| 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1
|- align="center"
| 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0
|- align="center"
| 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0
|- align="center"
| 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|- align="center"
| 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1
|}
|
<math>
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
\end{bmatrix}
</math>
|}
 
It has the useful property that the numbers of 0s and 1s are conserved throughout, which in the [[billiard-ball computer|billiard ball model]] means the same number of balls are output as input. This corresponds nicely to the [[conservation of mass]] in physics, and helps to show that the model is not wasteful.
 
== Logic function with XOR and AND gates ==
:''O''<sub>1</sub> = ''I''<sub>1</sub> XOR ''S''
:''O''<sub>2</sub> = ''I''<sub>2</sub> XOR ''S''
 
with ''S'' = (''I''<sub>1</sub> XOR ''I''<sub>2</sub>) AND ''C''
 
It can also be implemented by the following logic:
 
:O<sub>1</sub> = (NOT C AND I<sub>1</sub>) OR (C AND I<sub>2</sub>) = {{overline|C}}I<sub>1</sub>+CI<sub>2</sub>
:O<sub>2</sub> = (C AND I<sub>1</sub>) OR (NOT C AND I<sub>2</sub>) = CI<sub>1</sub>+{{overline|C}}I<sub>2</sub>
:C<sub>out</sub>= C<sub>in</sub>
 
== Completeness ==
 
It is easy to see that the Fredkin gate is universal, since it can be used to implement AND and NOT:
:if I2 = 0, O2 = C and I1
:if I1 = 0 and I2 = 1, O2 = not C
 
== Example ==
Here is a diagram of a three-bit adder implemented using Fredkin gates. The three inputs are A, B and C, supplemented by the constant T and F. In the diagram, the leftmost input (before the colon) swaps the two rightmost inputs if it is true.
 
[[Image:Fredkin_Full_Adder.svg]]
 
== See also ==
*[[Quantum computing]]
*[[Quantum gate]]
*[[Quantum programming]]
*[[Toffoli gate]], which is a ''controlled-controlled-NOT gate''.
 
== References ==
<references/>
 
== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | title= Conservative Logic | first1= Edward | last1= Fredkin | authorlink1= Edward Fredkin | first2= Tommaso | last2= Toffoli | authorlink2= Tommaso Toffoli | journal= [[International Journal of Theoretical Physics]] | volume= 21 | issue= 3-4 | year= 1982 | pages= 219–253 | doi= 10.1007/BF01857727 | url= http://web.archive.org/web/20061017232512/http://www.digitalphilosophy.org/download_documents/ConservativeLogic.pdf}}
 
[[Category:Logic gates]]
[[Category:Quantum gates]]

Revision as of 16:02, 4 March 2014



It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.

Here are some common dental emergencies:
Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.

At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.

Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.

Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.

Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.

Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.

Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.

In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.

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