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{{refimprove|date=September 2010}}
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{{merge|autocatalytic reaction|discuss=Talk:Autocatalysis#Merger proposal|date=February 2013}}
A single [[chemical reaction]] is said to have undergone '''autocatalysis''', or be '''autocatalytic''', if the reaction product itself is the [[catalyst]] for that reaction.
 
A ''set'' of chemical reactions can be said to be "collectively autocatalytic" if a number of those reactions produce, as reaction products, catalysts for enough of the other reactions that the entire set of chemical reactions is self-sustaining given an input of energy and food molecules (see [[autocatalytic set]]).
 
==Rate law in autocatalytic reactions==
[[Image:Sigmoid curve for an autocatalytical reaction.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Sigmoid variation of product concentration in autocatalytic reactions]]
The [[rate law]] for the second order autocatalytic reaction
:<math>A + B \; \stackrel{k}{\rightharpoonup} \;2B</math>
is the following one
:<math>\ v = k[A][B]</math>.
The concentrations of A and B vary in time according to  
:<math>[A]=\frac{[A]_0+[B]_0}{1+\frac{[B]_0}{[A]_0}e^{([A]_0+[B]_0)kt}}</math>
and  
:<math>[B]=\frac{[A]_0+[B]_0}{1+\frac{[A]_0}{[B]_0}e^{-([A]_0+[B]_0)kt}}</math>.
The graph for these equations is a [[sigmoid function|sigmoid curve]], which is typical for autocatalytic reactions: these chemical reactions proceed slowly at the start because there is little catalyst present, the rate of reaction increases progressively as the reaction proceeds as the amount of catalyst increases and then it again slows down as the reactant concentration decreases. If the concentration of a reactant or product in an experiment follows a sigmoid curve, the reaction is likely to be autocatalytic.
 
{{see also|induction period}}
 
==Abiogenesis hypothesis==
In 1995 [[Stuart Kauffman]] proposed that life initially arose as autocatalytic chemical networks.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Kauffman|title=At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity|isbn=0-19-509599-5|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995}}</ref>
 
[[United Kingdom|British]] [[ethologist]] [[Richard Dawkins]] wrote about autocatalysis as a potential explanation for [[abiogenesis]] in his 2004 book ''[[The Ancestor's Tale]]''. He cites experiments performed by [[Julius Rebek]] and his colleagues at the [[Scripps Research Institute]] in [[California]] in which they combined amino adenosine and pentafluorophenyl ester with the autocatalyst amino adenosine triacid ester (AATE).  One system from the experiment contained variants of AATE which catalysed the synthesis of themselves. This experiment demonstrated the possibility that autocatalysts could exhibit competition within a population of entities with heredity, which could be interpreted as a rudimentary form of [[natural selection]], and that certain environmental changes (such as irradiation) could alter the chemical structure of some of these self-replicating molecules (an analogue for mutation) in such ways that could either boost or interfere with its ability to react, thus boosting or interfering with its ability to replicate and spread in the population.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rebeck|first=Julius|title=Synthetic Self-Replicating Molecules|journal=Scientific American|date=July 1994|pages=48–55}}</ref>
 
==Examples of autocatalytic reactions==
*[[Haloform reaction]]
*[[Tin pest]]
*[http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA/CCA3/MAIN/AUTOCAT/PAGE1.HTM Reaction of Permanganate with Oxalic Acid]
*The mechanism of the above reaction <ref>{{cite journal | title = Revising the Mechanism of the Permanganate/Oxalate Reaction | author = Kovacs KA, Grof P, Burai L, Riedel M | journal = J. Phys. Chem. A | doi = 10.1021/jp047061u | year = 2004 | volume = 108 | pages = 11026 | issue = 50}}</ref>
*[[Vinegar syndrome]]
*Binding of oxygen by [[hemoglobin]]
*The spontaneous degradation of [[aspirin]] into salicylic acid and acetic acid, causing very old aspirin in sealed containers to smell mildly of vinegar.
*The α-bromination of [[acetophenone]] with [[bromine]].
 
==Involvement in life processes==
Autocatalysis plays a major role in the processes of life. Two researchers who have emphasised its role in the origins of life are Robert Ulanowicz <ref>Ecology, the Ascendent Perspective”, Robert Ulanowicz, Columbia Univ. Press 1997</ref> and Stuart Kauffman.<ref>Investigations, Stuart Kauffman.</ref>
 
Autocatalysis occurs in the initial transcripts of rRNA. The introns are capable of excising themselves by the process of two nucleophilic transesterification reactions. The RNA able to do this is sometimes referred to as a ribozyme. Additionally, the [[citric acid cycle]] is an autocatalytic cycle run in reverse.
 
Ultimately, biological metabolism itself can be seen as a vast autocatalytic set, in that all of the molecular constituents of a biological cell are produced by reactions involving this same set of molecules.
 
==See also==
*[[Autocatalytic reactions and order creation]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
*http://www.eeng.dcu.ie/~alife/bmcm9901/html-multi/
*http://arxiv.org/pdf/adap-org/9809003
 
[[Category:Chemical processes]]
[[Category:Catalysis]]

Latest revision as of 14:04, 6 November 2014

Since 2000, my husband takes your son or daughter to a tree farm and they cut about the tree for our own home. Once they get home, I have yummies ready, all the ornaments sorted out, and our property is filled with Christmas songs. This is my favorite part of Christmas, the decorating of your tree, eggnog, Christmas music and our neighbors together, sharing in the time saving benefits of Christmas and the true meaning.

If are generally hiking making use of romantic partner, you assist to save weight by bringing only sleeping backpack. This works for warmer a short time. Just open up and make use of the bag over the two of you, as a blanket. With decent sleeping pads, this can work well even on cooler nights.



Candidate mailers shortly begin to fill up my mailbox with her name and face. Produced by at that point that I knew it was serious, Linda McMahon was running for your Senate seat here in Connecticut. Trouble think much about the Senate seat before her commercials because I figured it flows to Blumenthal. He's strived turn out to be great advocate for individuals of Connecticut and people know his name. I'm not the merely one who had the idea this much. An article printed on April 14, 2010 at the new York Times website discusses this exact point.

Clothes - Avoid wearing heavy clothing for a summer wedding, especially the mulch can become comes to bride's dress. A heavy 'lehenga' only adds towards discomfort that your hot and humid weather causes. Try finding a married relationship dress and also made from fabrics like Chiffon or Georgette or something like that that's constructed from cotton. Same goes for that groom, avoid wearing heavy dresses and go for something light and not provided out of synthetic clothing.

Want to hike more effectively? Avoid an appreciable lunch. In fact, skip lunch altogether and just snack while you go, keeping your body fed continually with corn chips, trail mix and other convenient diet items.

I have no idea of if it is a culture thing but women evidently lie privately a very good deal. We lie of what size we are, our age, as well as forget about many men we've slept with regarding past.

Continue testing what works for your store and improving on the factors that do affect conversions and your bottomline. This can be a only method of getting it right and continue growing your online store.

If you are you looking for more info about gas monkey garage review our page.

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