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{{Infobox scientist
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|name             = Alexandru Proca
|image            = Alexandru Proca.jpg
|image_size        =
|alt              =
|caption          =
|birth_date        = {{Birth date|1897|10|16|mf=y}},
|birth_place      = [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]]
|death_date        = {{Death date and age|1955|12|13|1897|10|16|mf=y}}
|death_place      = [[Paris]], [[France]]
|residence        =
|citizenship      = [[France]]
|nationality      = [[Romania]]
|ethnicity        =
|fields            = [[Physicist]] ([[Theoretical physics|theoretical]])
|workplaces        =
|alma_mater        = [[Paris-Sorbonne University]] in France
|doctoral_advisor  = [[Louis de Broglie]]
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students  =
|known_for        = [[Proca's equations]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences        =
|influenced        =
|awards            = Honorary Member of the Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences, elected post mortem in 1990.
|signature        = <!--(filename only)-->
|signature_alt    =
|footnotes        =
}}


'''Alexandru Proca''' (October 16, 1897, [[Bucharest]] – December 13, 1955, [[Paris]]) was a [[Romania]]n physicist who studied and worked in France. He developed the vector [[meson]] theory of [[nuclear force]]s and the [[relativistic quantum field equations]] that bear his name ([[Proca's equations]]) for the massive, vector spin-1 mesons. He became a French citizen in 1931.
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==Education==
===High-school and college===
In Romania, he was one of the eminent students of the school "''Gheorghe Lazăr''" and the ''Polytechnic School'' in Bucharest. With a very strong interest in theoretical physics, he went to Paris where he graduated in Science from the [[Paris-Sorbonne University]], receiving from the hand of [[Marie Curie]] his diploma of the Bachelor of Science degree. Then, he was employed as a researcher/physicist at the [[Curie Institute (Paris)|Radium Institute]] in Paris in 1925.
 
===Ph.D. studies===
He carried out Ph.D. studies in theoretical physics under the supervision of Nobel laureate [[Louis de Broglie]]. He defended successfully his Ph.D. thesis entitled ''"On the relativistic theory of Dirac's electron"'' in front of an examination committee chaired by the Nobel laureate [[Jean Perrin]].
 
==Scientific achievements==
In 1929, Proca became the editor of the influential physics journal ''Les Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré''. Then, in 1934, he spent an entire year with [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in Berlin, but visited only for a few months with Nobel laureate [[Niels Bohr]] in Copenhagen where he also met [[Werner Heisenberg]] and [[George Gamow]].<ref>{{cite book| title = Rumanian Review| url = http://books.google.com/?id=K6viAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA105| year = 1976| publisher = Europolis Pub.| page = 105 }}</ref><ref>http://www.europhysicsnews.org/articles/epn/pdf/2006/05/epn06504.pdf [[Dorin N Poenaru]] and Alexandru Calboreanu. Alexandru Proca (1897-1955) and his equation of the massive vector boson field. ''Europhysics News'' Volume '''37''', Number 5, September–October 2006, pp.24 - 26, {{doi|10.1051/epn:2006504}}</ref>
 
Proca came to be known as one of the most influential Romanian theoretical physicists of the last century,<ref name = "Brown1996 ">{{cite book| author = Laurie Mark Brown| coauthors = Helmut Rechenberg| title = The Origin of the Concept of Nuclear Forces| url = http://books.google.com/?id=IJPTgDTOmgMC&pg=PA185| year = 1996| publisher = Institute of Physics Publishing| isbn = 978-0-7503-0373-6| page = 185 }}</ref> having developed the vector meson theory of nuclear forces in 1936, ahead of the first reports of [[Hideki Yukawa]], who employed Proca's equations for the vectorial mesonic field  as a starting point. Yukawa subsequently received the Nobel Prize for an explanation of the nuclear forces by using a pi-mesonic field and predicting correctly the existence of the [[pion]], initially called a 'mesotron' by Yukawa. Pions being the lightest [[meson]]s play a key role in explaining the properties of the [[strong nuclear force]]s in their lower energy range. Unlike the massive spin-1 bosons in Proca's equations, the pions predicted by Yukawa are [[spin (physics)|spin]]-0 bosons that have associated only ''scalar'' fields. However, there exist also spin-1 [[meson]]s, such as those considered in Proca's equations. The spin-1 vector mesons considered by Proca in 1936—1941 have an odd [[parity (physics)|parity]], are involved in electroweak interactions, and have been observed in high-energy experiments only after 1960, whereas the pions predicted by Yukawa's theory were experimentally observed by [[Carl David Anderson|Carl Anderson]] in 1937 with masses quite close in value to the 100 MeV predicted by Yukawa's theory of [[pi-meson]]s published in 1935; the latter theory considered only the massive scalar field as the cause of the nuclear forces, such as those that would be expected to be found in the field of a pi-meson.  
 
In the range of higher masses, vector mesons include also [[charm quark|charm]] and [[bottom quark]]s in their structure. The spectrum of heavy mesons is linked through radiative processes to the vector mesons, which are therefore playing important roles in meson spectroscopy. Interestingly, the light-quark vector mesons appear in nearly [[pure state|pure quantum states]].  
 
'''Proca's equations''' are equations of motion of the [[Euler-Lagrange]] type which lead to the [[Lorenz gauge]] field conditions:
<math>\partial_\mu A^\mu=0 \!</math>.
 
In essence, Proca's equations are:  
 
:<math>\Box A^\nu - \partial^\nu (\partial_\mu A^\mu) + m^2 A^\nu = j^\nu</math>, where:
::<math>\Box = \left(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}\right)-\nabla^2</math>,
 
::<math>A^\mu</math> is the 4-potential, the operator <math>\Box</math> in front of this potential is the [[d'Alembertian operator]], <math>j^\nu</math> is the current density, and the nabla operator (∇) squared is the [[Laplace operator]], Δ. As this is a relativistic equation, Einstein's summation convention over repeated indices is assumed. The 4-potential <math>A^\nu</math> is the combination of the scalar potential ''ϕ'' and the 3-vector potential '''A''', derived from Maxwell's equations:
::<math>A^\nu = (\phi, \mathbf{A})</math>
::<math>\mathbf{E} = -\mathbf{\nabla} \phi - \frac{\partial \mathbf{A}}{\partial t}</math>
::<math>\mathbf{B} = \mathbf{\nabla} \times \mathbf{A}. </math>
 
With a simplified notation they take the form:
::<math>\partial_\mu(\partial^\mu A^\nu - \partial^\nu A^\mu)+
\left(\frac{mc}{\hbar}\right)^2 A^\nu=0</math>.
 
Proca's equations thus describe the field of a massive [[spin (physics)|spin]]-1 particle of mass ''m'' with an associated field propagating at the speed of light ''c'' in [[Minkowski spacetime]]; such a field is characterized by a real vector '''A''' resulting in a relativistic Lagrangian density '''L'''. They may appear formally to resemble the [[Klein-Gordon]] equation:
 
::<math> \frac {1}{c^2} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} \psi - \nabla^2 \psi + \frac {m^2 c^2}{\hbar^2} \psi = 0 </math>,
 
but the latter is a scalar, ''not a vector'', equation that was derived for relativistic ''electrons'', and thus it applies only to spin-1/2 fermions. Moreover, the solutions of the [[Klein-Gordon]] equation are relativistic [[wavefunction]]s that can be represented as quantum plane waves when the equation is written in natural units:
:<math> - \partial_t^2 \psi + \nabla^2 \psi = m^2 \psi</math>;
this scalar equation is only applicable to relativistic fermions which obey the [[energy-momentum relation]] in Einstein's [[special relativity]] theory. Yukawa's intuition was based on such a scalar [[Klein-Gordon]] equation, and Nobel laureate Wolfgang Pauli wrote in 1941: ``...''Yukawa supposed the meson to have spin '''1''' in order to explain the spin dependence of the force between proton and neutron. The theory for this case has been given by Proca".''<ref>W. Pauli, ''Rev.Mod. Phys''. '''13''' (1941) 213.</ref>
 
=== Publications at the Library of Congress ===
* [http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search%5FArg=Proca%2C%20A%2E&Search%5FCode=NAME%40&CNT=100&PID=owd-ufzQyH-sy8CmbjVKECI_Mxe&SEQ=20100712075927&SID=4 Library of Congress]
 
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
 
==See also==
* [[Euler-Lagrange]] equations of motion
* [[Proca action]]
* [[Vector meson]]
* [[Klein-Gordon equation]]
* [[relativistic electron]]
* [[Special relativity]]
* [[Nuclear forces]]
* [[Yukawa theory]]
* [[Pion]]s
* [[Meson]]s
* [[Quark]]s
 
==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Poenaru |first1=Dorin N. |last2=Calboreanu |first2=Alexandru |year=2006 |title=Alexandru Proca (1897–1955) and his equation of the massive vector boson field |journal=Europhysics News |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=24–26 |url=http://www.europhysicsnews.org/articles/epn/pdf/2006/05/epn06504.pdf |doi=10.1051/epn:2006504|bibcode = 2006ENews..37...24P }}
* {{cite arxiv |eprint=physics/0508195 |title=Alexandru Proca (1897–1955) the Great Physicist |author=Poenaru, Dorin N. |year=2005 |accessdate=2009-12-19}}
{{refend}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.nipne.ro/about/history/ Brief History of IFIN-HH: PRECURSORS Hon. Acad. Alexandru Proca (1897 - 1955)] and Acad. Prof. Dr. [[Horia Hulubei]] (1896–1972).
 
{{Authority control|PND=119106027|LCCN=n/93/87247|VIAF=27092433}}
 
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME= Proca, Alexandru
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Physicist
|DATE OF BIRTH=1897-10-16
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Bucharest, Romania
|DATE OF DEATH=1955-12-13
|PLACE OF DEATH=Paris, France
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Proca, Alexandru}}
[[Category:Romanian physicists]]
[[Category:Members of the Romanian Academy elected post-mortem]]
[[Category:French nuclear physicists]]
[[Category:Quantum field theory]]
[[Category:Romanian nuclear physicists]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Romanian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:People from Bucharest]]
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]

Latest revision as of 04:51, 29 December 2014

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