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| '''Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus al-Sadafi al-Misri''' ([[Arabic]]: '''ابن يونس''') (c. 950-1009) was an important [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] [[Islamic astronomy|Muslim astronomer]] and [[Islamic mathematics|mathematician]],<ref>[[Ivan van Sertima]], ''Egypt: Child of Africa'', p. 337.</ref><ref>Science & Technology in the Islamic World - Page 77</ref><ref>Science in Medieval Islam: an illustrated introduction by Howard R. Turner - Page 65</ref><ref>Eternal Egypt. [http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.element&story_id=&module_id=&language_id=1&element_id=1327 Ibn-Yunus El-Falaky].</ref> whose works are noted for being ahead of their time, having been based on meticulous calculations and attention to detail.
| | If you have the desire to process settings instantaneously, loading files instantly, but a body is logy plus torpid, what would you do? If you are a giant "switchboard" that is lack of efficient administration system and efficient housekeeper, what would you do? If you have send your exact commands to your notice, nevertheless the body will not work properly, what would you do? Yes! We need a full-featured repair registry!<br><br>We all understand which the registry is the critical component of the Windows operating system because it shops all information regarding the Dll files, programs on the computer plus system settings. However, as days by, it is unavoidable which we might encounter registry issue due to a big amount of invalid, useless plus unwanted entries.<br><br>So, this advanced dual scan is not just among the better, but it happens to be moreover freeware. And as of all this which several regard CCleaner 1 of the greater registry products inside the market now. I would add which I personally like Regcure for the simple reason that it has a better interface and I understand for a truth it is ad-ware without charge.<br><br>Paid registry products on the different hand, I have found, are usually cheap. They provide standard, free changes or at least cheap updates. This follows because the software producer must guarantee their product is many effective in staying before its competitors.<br><br>Many [http://bestregistrycleanerfix.com/tune-up-utilities tuneup utilities] s enable we to download their product for free, so you can scan the computer yourself. That technique we can see how countless mistakes it finds, where it finds them, and how it can fix them. A wonderful registry cleaner may remove a registry problems, and optimize plus accelerate your PC, with little effort on your piece.<br><br>Your program is made and built for the purpose of helping we accomplish jobs plus not be pestered by windows XP error messages. When there are mistakes, what do we do? Some folks pull their hair plus cry, whilst those sane ones have their PC repaired, while those actually wise ones analysis to have the errors fixed themselves. No, these mistakes were not additionally tailored to rob we off the income plus time. There are factors to do to actually prevent this from happening.<br><br>Reboot PC - Just reboot a PC to find when the error is gone. Often, rebooting the PC readjusts the internal settings plus software plus hence fixes the issue. If it doesn't then move on to follow the instructions under.<br><br>We can click here to find out how to accelerate Windows plus strengthen PC perfomance. And you are able to click here to download a registry cleaner to aid we clean up registry. |
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| The crater [[Ibn Yunus (crater)|Ibn Yunus]] on the [[Moon]] is named after him.
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| ==Life==
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| Information regarding his early life and education is uncertain. He was born in [[Egypt]] between 950 and 952 and came from a respected family in [[Fostat|Fustat]]. His father was a historian, biographer and scholar of [[hadith]], who wrote two volumes about the history of Egypt—one about the [[Egyptians]] and one based on traveler commentary on Egypt.<ref>Eternal Egypt. [http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.element&story_id=&module_id=&language_id=1&element_id=2019 Ibn Yunus The Historian].</ref> A prolific writer, Ibn Yunus' father has been described as "Egypt's most celebrated early historian and first known compiler of a biographical dictionary devoted exclusively to Egyptians".<ref>Eickelman, Dale F. James Piscatori. ''Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. p. 58</ref> His great grandfather had been an associate of the noted legal scholar [[Imam Shafi]].
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| Early in the life of Ibn Yunus, the [[Fatimid]] [[dynasty]] came to power and the new city of [[Cairo]] was founded. In Cairo, he worked as an astronomer for the Fatimid dynasty for twenty-six years, first for the [[Caliph]] [[al-Aziz]] and then for [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Hakim]]. Ibn Yunus dedicated his most famous astronomical work, ''al-Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi'', to the latter.
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| ==Works==
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| ===Astrology===
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| In [[astrology]], noted for making predictions and having written the ''Kitab bulugh al-umniyya'' ("On the Attainment of Desire"), a work concerning the [[heliacal rising]]s of [[Sirius]], and on predictions concerning what day of the week the [[Coptic calendar|Coptic]] year will start on.
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| ===Astronomy===
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| Ibn Yunus' most famous work in [[Islamic astronomy]], ''al-[[Zij]] al-Kabir al-Hakimi'' (c. 1000), was a handbook of astronomical tables which contained very accurate observations, many of which may have been obtained with very large astronomical instruments. According to N. M. Swerdlow, the ''Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi'' is "a work of outstanding originality of which just over half survives".<ref>N. M. Swerdlow (1993), "Montucla's Legacy: The History of the Exact Sciences", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' '''54''' (2): 299-328 [320].</ref>
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| Yunus expressed the solutions in his ''zij'' without mathematical symbols,<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830904759.html Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography], 2008</ref> but [[Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre|Delambre]] noted in his 1819 translation of the Hakemite tables that two of Ibn Yunus' methods for determining the time from solar or stellar altitude were equivalent to the trigonometric identity <math>2cos(a)cos(b) = cos(a+b)+cos(a-b)</math><ref>David A. King, '[http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1978JHA.....9..212K&db_key=AST&page_ind=6&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES Islamic Math and Science]', Journal for the History of Astronomy, Vol. 9, p.212</ref> identified in [[Johannes Werner]]'s 16th-century manuscript on conic sections. Now recognized as one of Werner's formulas, it was essential for the development of [[prosthaphaeresis]] and [[logarithms]] decades later.
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| Ibn Yunus described 40 [[Conjunction (astronomy and astrology)|planetary conjunctions]] and 30 [[lunar eclipse]]s. For example, he accurately describes the planetary conjunction that occurred in the year 1000 as follows:
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| :A conjunction of Venus and Mercury in Gemini, observed in the western sky: The two planets were in conjunction after sunset on the night [of Sunday 19 May 1000]. The time was approximately eight equinoctial hours after midday on Sunday ... . Mercury was north of Venus and their latitude difference was a third of a degree.<ref name=MacTutor>{{MacTutor|id=Yunus|title=Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Yunus}}</ref>
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| Modern knowledge of the positions of the planets confirms that his description and his calculation of the distance being one third of a degree is exactly correct. Ibn Yunus's observations on conjunctions and [[eclipse]]s were used in [[Richard Dunthorne]] and [[Simon Newcomb]]s' respective calculations of the secular acceleration of the [[moon]].<ref name=MacTutor/><ref>Raymond Mercer (1994), 'English Orientalists and Mathematical Astronomy' in ''The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in 17th-Century England'', p.198</ref>
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| ===Poetry===
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| Ibn Yunus is also thought to have been an [[Arabic poetry|Arabic poet]] though this is uncertain.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
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| ===Pendulum===
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| Recent encyclopaedias<ref>{{cite book
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| | last = Good
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| | first = Gregory
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| | authorlink =
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| | coauthors =
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| | title = Sciences of the Earth: An Encyclopedia of Events, People, and Phenomena
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| | publisher = Routledge
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| | year = 1998
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| | location =
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| | pages = 394
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| | url = http://books.google.com/?id=vdqXVddh0hUC&printsec=frontcover
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| | doi =
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| | isbn = 0-8153-0062-X}}<br/>{{cite encyclopedia
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| | title = Pendulum
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| | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia Americana
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| | volume = 21
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| | pages = 502
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| | publisher = The Americana Corp.
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| | url =http://books.google.com/?id=icRWAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Ibn+Yunis%22+pendulum
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| | year = 1967
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| | accessdate = 2009-02-20}}<br/>{{cite book
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| | last = Baker
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| | first = Cyril Clarence Thomas
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| | authorlink =
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| | coauthors =
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| | title = Dictionary of Mathematics
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| | publisher = G. Newnes
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| | year = 1961
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| | location =
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| | pages = 176
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| | url = http://books.google.com/?id=RlkYAAAAMAAJ&q=Ibn+Yunis+pendulum&dq=Ibn+Yunis+pendulum
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| | doi =
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| | isbn = }}</ref> and popular accounts<ref>{{cite book
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| | last = Newton
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| | first = Roger G.
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| | authorlink =
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| | coauthors =
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| | title = Galileo's Pendulum: From the Rhythm of Time to the Making of Matter
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| | publisher = Harvard University Press
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| | year = 2004
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| | location = US
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| | pages = 52
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| | url = http://books.google.com/?id=LWqwNY3qUfwC&pg=PA52
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| | doi =
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| | isbn = 0-674-01331-X}}</ref> continue to repeat the claim that the tenth century astronomer Ibn Yunus used a [[pendulum]] for time measurement, despite the fact that it has been known for nearly a hundred years that this is based on nothing more than an error made in 1684 by the Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford and Arabist [[Edward Bernard]].<ref>{{cite journal
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| | last=King
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| | first=D. A.
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| | title=Ibn Yunus and the pendulum: a history of errors
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| | journal=Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences
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| | year=1979
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| | volume=29
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| | issue=104
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| | pages=35–52 }}<br/>
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| {{cite journal
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| | last = Hall
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| | first = Bert S.
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| | authorlink =
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| | coauthors =
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| | title = The scholastic pendulum
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| | journal = Annals of Science
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| | volume = 35
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| | issue = 5
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| | pages = 441–462
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| | publisher = Taylor & Francis
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| | date = September 1978
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| | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/00033797800200371
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| | issn = 0003-3790
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| | doi =10.1080/00033797800200371
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| | accessdate = 2010-04-22}}<br/>
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| {{cite web
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| | author=O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F.
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| | date=November 1999
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| | url =http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Yunus.html
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| | title =Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Yunus
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| | publisher =University of St Andrews
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| | accessdate = 2007-05-29 }}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| ==External links==
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| * {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey et al | last = King | first = David A. | title=Ibn Yūnus: Abū al‐Ḥasan ҁʿAlī ibn ʿAbd al‐Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad ibn Yūnus al‐Ṣadafī | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | year = 2007 | location = New York | pages = 573–4 | url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Yunus_BEA.htm | isbn=978-0-387-31022-0}} ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Yunus_BEA.pdf PDF version])
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| * {{MacTutor|id=Yunus|title=Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Yunus}}
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| * {{cite encyclopedia | last = King | first = David A. | title=Ibn Yūnus, AbuʿL-Hasan ʿAlī Ibn ʿ Abd Al-Rahmān Ibn Yūnus Al Sadafī | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830904759.html | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography|Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] | publisher = Encyclopedia.com | origyear=1970-80 | year = 2008 }}
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| * [http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/ibnyunus.html Ibn Yunus Biography]
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| {{Islamic astronomy}}
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| {{Islamic mathematics}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| | NAME = Yunus, Ibn
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Arab scientist
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = 950
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH =
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| | DATE OF DEATH = 1009
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| | PLACE OF DEATH =
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Yunus, Ibn}}
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| [[Category:950 births]]
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| [[Category:1009 deaths]]
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| [[Category:10th-century mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:11th-century mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:Medieval Egyptian astrologers]]
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| [[Category:Medieval Egyptian astronomers]]
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| [[Category:Medieval Egyptian mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:Mathematicians of medieval Islam]]
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| [[Category:Medieval Arab astrologers]]
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| [[Category:Medieval Arab astronomers]]
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| [[Category:Medieval Arab mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:Muslim philosophers]]
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| [[Category:Scientists who worked on Qibla determination]]
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| [[Category:10th-century astronomers]]
| |
If you have the desire to process settings instantaneously, loading files instantly, but a body is logy plus torpid, what would you do? If you are a giant "switchboard" that is lack of efficient administration system and efficient housekeeper, what would you do? If you have send your exact commands to your notice, nevertheless the body will not work properly, what would you do? Yes! We need a full-featured repair registry!
We all understand which the registry is the critical component of the Windows operating system because it shops all information regarding the Dll files, programs on the computer plus system settings. However, as days by, it is unavoidable which we might encounter registry issue due to a big amount of invalid, useless plus unwanted entries.
So, this advanced dual scan is not just among the better, but it happens to be moreover freeware. And as of all this which several regard CCleaner 1 of the greater registry products inside the market now. I would add which I personally like Regcure for the simple reason that it has a better interface and I understand for a truth it is ad-ware without charge.
Paid registry products on the different hand, I have found, are usually cheap. They provide standard, free changes or at least cheap updates. This follows because the software producer must guarantee their product is many effective in staying before its competitors.
Many tuneup utilities s enable we to download their product for free, so you can scan the computer yourself. That technique we can see how countless mistakes it finds, where it finds them, and how it can fix them. A wonderful registry cleaner may remove a registry problems, and optimize plus accelerate your PC, with little effort on your piece.
Your program is made and built for the purpose of helping we accomplish jobs plus not be pestered by windows XP error messages. When there are mistakes, what do we do? Some folks pull their hair plus cry, whilst those sane ones have their PC repaired, while those actually wise ones analysis to have the errors fixed themselves. No, these mistakes were not additionally tailored to rob we off the income plus time. There are factors to do to actually prevent this from happening.
Reboot PC - Just reboot a PC to find when the error is gone. Often, rebooting the PC readjusts the internal settings plus software plus hence fixes the issue. If it doesn't then move on to follow the instructions under.
We can click here to find out how to accelerate Windows plus strengthen PC perfomance. And you are able to click here to download a registry cleaner to aid we clean up registry.