Spherical harmonics

The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.

Section	Range (m)		Unit	Example Items
	≥	<
Planck area	？	10−35	fm	Quantum foam
Subatomic	10−35	10−15	am	electron, quark, string
Atomic and cellular	10−15	10−12	fm	proton, neutron
	10−12	10−9	pm	wavelength of gamma rays and X-rays, hydrogen atom
	10−9	10−6	nm	DNA helix, virus, wavelength of optical spectrum
Human scale	10−6	10−3	µm	bacterium, fog water droplet, human hair
	10−3	100	mm	mosquito, golf ball, football
	100	103	m	human being, football field, Eiffel Tower
	103	106	km	Mount Everest, length of Panama Canal, larger asteroid
Astronomical	106	109	Mm	the Moon, Earth, one light-second
	109	1012	Gm	Sun, one light-minute, Earth's orbit
	1012	1015	Tm	orbits of outer planets, Solar System
	1015	1018	Pm	one light-year; distance to Proxima Centauri
	1018	1021	Em	galactic arm
	1021	1024	Zm	Milky Way, distance to Andromeda Galaxy
	1024	$10^{10^{10^{122}}}$	Ym	Huge-LQG, visible universe

Detailed list

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various lengths between 1.6Template:E meters and $10^{10^{10^{122}}}$meters.

Subatomic

Factor (m)	Multiple	Value	Item
10−35	1 Planck Length	0.0000000000162 ym (1.62Template:E m)	Planck length; typical scale of hypothetical loop quantum gravity or size of a hypothetical string and of branes; according to string theory lengths smaller than this do not make any physical sense. Quantum foam is thought to exist at this level.
10−24	1 yoctometre (ym)	20 ym (2 × 10−23 metres)	effective cross section radius of 1 MeV neutrinos
10−21	1 zeptometre (zm)		Preons, hypothetical particles proposed as subcomponents of quarks and leptons; the upper bound for the width of a cosmic string in string theory.
		7 zm (7 × 10−21 metres)	effective cross section radius of high energy neutrinos
		310 zm (3.10 × 10−19 metres)	de Broglie wavelength of protons at the Large Hadron Collider (4 TeV as of 2012)
10−18	1 attometre (am)		upper limit for the size of quarks and electrons
			sensitivity of the LIGO detector for gravitational waves
			upper bound of the typical size range for "fundamental strings"
10−17	10 am		range of the weak force

Atomic and cellular

<imagemap> Image:Wide panorama 1e-15 to 1e-7.png||none|frame|Clickable image. The thumbnails range left to right from 1e-15m to 1e-7m. (Image description) rect 0 0 74 59 1 E-15m - Click on the relevant thumbnail image to jump to the desired order of length magnitude: left is 1e-15m, right is 1e-8m. Click on information icon bottom-left for description of image. rect 75 0 149 59 1 E-14 m rect 150 0 224 59 1 E-13 m rect 225 0 299 59 1 E-12 m rect 300 0 374 59 1 E-11 m rect 375 0 449 59 1 E-10 m rect 450 0 524 59 1 E-9 m rect 525 0 599 59 1 E-8 m rect 600 0 674 59 1 E-7 m desc none </imagemap>

Factor (m)	Multiple	Value	Item
10−15	1 femtometre (fm)	1.5 fm	size of an 11 MeV proton
		2.81794 fm	classical electron radius
			scale of the atomic nucleus
10−14	10 fm
10−13	100 fm
10−12	1 picometre (pm)	...	longest wavelength of gamma rays
		2.4 pm	Compton wavelength of electron
		5 pm	wavelength of shortest X-rays
10−11	10 pm	25 pm	radius of hydrogen atom
		31 pm	radius of helium atom
		53 pm	Bohr radius
10−10	100 pm	100 pm (0.1 nm)	1 Ångström (also covalent radius of sulfur atom)
		154 pm (0.154 nm)	length of a typical covalent bond (C–C).
		500 pm (0.50 nm)	width of protein α helix
10−9	1 nanometre (nm)	1 nm	diameter of a carbon nanotube
		2.5 nm	Smallest microprocessor transistor gate oxide thickness (as of Jan 2007)
		6–10 nm	thickness of cell membrane
10−8	10 nm	10 nm	thickness of cell wall in gram-negative bacteriaPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
		40 nm	extreme ultraviolet wavelength
		90 nm	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (generally, viruses range in size from 20 nm to 450 nm)
10−7	100 nm	121.6 nm	wavelength of the Lyman-alpha line
		380–435 nm	wavelength of violet light—see color and optical spectrum
		625–740 nm	wavelength of red light

Human scale

<imagemap> Image:Icons 1e-6m to 1e5m squares 64pixel.png|none|frame|Click on the thumbnail image to jump to the desired order of length magnitude article: top-left is 1E-6m (10⁻⁶), lower-right is 1E5m (10⁵). (Image description) rect 0 0 63 63 1 E-6 m - Click on the relevant thumbnail image to jump to the desired order of length magnitude: top-left is 1e-6m, bottom-right is 1e5m. Click on information icon bottom-left for description of image. rect 64 0 127 63 1 E-5 m rect 128 0 191 63 1 E-4 m rect 192 0 255 63 1 E-3 m rect 0 64 63 127 1 E-2 m rect 64 64 127 127 1 E-1 m rect 128 64 191 127 1 E0 m rect 192 64 255 127 1 E1 m rect 0 128 63 191 1 E2 m rect 64 128 127 191 1 E3 m rect 128 128 191 191 1 E4 m rect 192 128 255 191 1 E5 m desc none </imagemap>

Factor (m)	Multiple	Value	Item
10−6	1 micrometre (µm)	1 µm	also called one micron
		1–3 µm	particle size that a surgical mask removes at 80–95% efficiencyPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
		6-8 µm	diameter of a red blood cell
10−5	10 µm	10 µm	typical size of a fog, mist or cloud water droplet. Chip 10 µm process in 1971.
		12 µm	width of acrylic fibre
		25.4 µm	1/1000 inch, commonly referred to as one thou or one mil
10−4	100 µm	100 µm	average width of a strand of human hair
		200 µm	typical length of Paramecium caudatum, a ciliate protist
		750 µm	maximum diameter of Thiomargarita namibiensis, the largest bacterium ever discovered
10−3	1 millimetre (mm)	2.54 mm	1/10th inch; distance between pins in DIP (dual-inline-package) electronic components
		5 mm	length of average red ant
		7.62 mm	common military ammunition size
10−2	1 centimetre (cm)	1.5 cm	length of a large mosquito
		2.54 cm	1 inch
		4.267 cm	diameter of a golf ball
10−1	1 decimetre (dm)	10 cm	wavelength of the highest UHF radio frequency, 3 GHz
		30.48 cm	1 foot
		91.44 cm	1 yard
100	1 metre	1 m	wavelength of the lowest UHF and highest VHF radio frequency, 300 MHz
		1.7 m (5 feet 7 inches)	average height of a human
		8.38 m	The length of a London Bus (Routemaster)
101	1 decametre (dam)	10 m	wavelength of the lowest VHF and highest shortwave radio frequency, 30 MHz
		33 m	length of longest blue whale measured, the largest animal
		93.47 m	height of the Statue of Liberty (foundation of pedestal to torch)
102	1 hectometre (hm)	100 m	wavelength of the lowest shortwave radio frequency and highest medium wave radio frequency, 3 MHz
		137 m (147 m)	height (present and original) of the Great Pyramid of Giza
		979 m	height of the Salto Angel, the world's highest free-falling waterfall (Venezuela)
103	1 kilometre (km)	1 km	wavelength of the lowest medium wave radio frequency, 300 kHz
		1609 m	1 international mile
		1852 m	1 nautical mile
		8848 m	height of the highest mountain on earth, Mount Everest
104	10 km	10.911 km	depth of deepest part of the ocean, Mariana Trench
		13 km	narrowest width of the Strait of Gibraltar, separating Europe and Africa
		90 km	width of the Bering Strait
105	100 km	111 km	distance covered by one degree of latitude on Earth's surface
		163 km	length of the Suez Canal
		974.6 km	greatest diameter of the dwarf planet Ceres

Astronomical

An illustration of the sizes of planets and stars

Template:Orders of magnitude (length) imagemap astronomical-scale 50 year old Petroleum Engineer Kull from Dawson Creek, spends time with interests such as house brewing, property developers in singapore condo launch and camping. Discovers the beauty in planing a trip to places around the entire world, recently only coming back from .

Factor (m)	Multiple	Value	Item
106	1,000 km = 1 megametre (Mm)	2,390 km	diameter of dwarf planet Pluto, formerly the smallest planet category of our solar system
		3,480 km	diameter of the Moon
		5,200 km	typical distance covered by the winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans automobile endurance race
		6,400 km	length of the Great Wall of China
		6,600 km	approximate length of the two longest rivers, the Nile and the Amazon
		7,821 km	length of the Trans-Canada Highway
		9,288 km	length of the Trans-Siberian Railway, longest in the world
107	10,000 km	12,756 km	equatorial diameter of the Earth
		40,075 km	length of the Earth's equator
108	100,000 km	142,984 km	diameter of Jupiter
		299,792.458 km	distance travelled by light in one second
		384,000 km = 384 Mm	Moon's orbital distance from Earth
109	1 million km = 1 gigametre (Gm)	1,390,000 km = 1.39 Gm	diameter of the Sun
		4,200,000  km = 4.2 Gm	greatest mileage ever recorded by a car (A 1966 Volvo P-1800S, still driving)
1010	10 million km	18 million km	approximately one light-minute
1011	100 million km	150 million km = 150 Gm	1 astronomical unit (AU); mean distance between Earth and Sun
		~ 900 Gm	optical diameter of Betelgeuse (~600 × Sun)
1012	1000 million km = 1 terametre (Tm)	1.4 Template:E km	orbital distance of Saturn from Sun
		1.96 Template:E km	estimated optical diameter of VY Canis Majoris (1420 × Sun)
		2.3 Template:E km	estimated optical diameter of NML Cygni (1650 × Sun)
		3.54 Template:E km	upper bound estimate of the diameter of Westerlund 1 BKS AS, as of 2013 the largest known star (2544 × Sun)
		5.9 Template:E km = 5.9 Tm	orbital distance of Pluto from Sun
		~ 7.5 Template:E km = 7.5 Tm	outer boundary of the Kuiper belt, inner boundary of the Oort cloud (~ 50 AU)
1013	10 Tm		diameter of our Solar System as a whole
		16.25Template:E km = 16.25 Tm	distance of the Voyager 1 spacecraft from Sun (Template:As of), the farthest man-made object so far
		62.03Template:E km = 62.03 Tm	estimated radius of the event horizon of the supermassive black hole in NGC 4889, the largest known black hole to date
1014	100 Tm	1.8Template:E km = 180 Tm	size of the debris disk around the star 51 Pegasi
1015	1 petametre (Pm)	~ 7.5 Template:E km = 7.5 Pm	supposed outer boundary of the Oort cloud (~ 50,000 AU)
		9.46Template:E km = 9.46 Pm = 1 light year	distance travelled by light in one year; at its current speed, Voyager 1 would need 17,500 years to travel this distance
1016	10 Pm	3.2616 light-years (3.0857Template:E km = 30.857 Pm)	1 parsec
		4.22 light-years = 39.9 Pm	distance to nearest star (Proxima Centauri)
		4.37 light-years = 41.3 Pm	as of March 2013, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet (Alpha Centauri Bb)
1017	100 Pm	20.4 light-years = 193 Pm	as of October 2010, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet with potential to support life as we know it (Gliese 581 d)
		65 light-years = 6.15Template:E m = 615 Pm	approximate radius of humanity's radio bubble, caused by high-power TV broadcasts leaking through the atmosphere into outer space
1018	1 exametre (Em)	200 light-years = 1.9 Em	distance to nearby solar twin (HIP 56948), a star with properties virtually identical to our Sun
1019	10 Em	1,000 light-years = 9.46 Em or 9.46 × 1015 km	average thickness of Milky Way Galaxy (1000 to 3000 ly by 21 cm observations)
1020	100 Em	12,000 light-years = 113.5 Em or 1.135 × 1017 km	thickness of Milky Way Galaxy's gaseous disk
	950 Em	100,000 light-years	diameter of galactic disk of Milky Way Galaxy
1021	1 zettametre (Zm)
		50 kiloparsecs	distance to SN 1987A, the most recent naked eye supernova
		52 kiloparsecs = 1.62Template:E m = 1.62 Zm	distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud (a dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way)
		54 kiloparsecs = 1.66 Zm	distance to the Small Magellanic Cloud (another dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way)
		200 kiloparsecs = 6.15 Zm	diameter of Malin 1, the largest known spiral galaxy so far
1022	10 Zm	24 Zm = 2.5 million light-years = 770 kiloparsecs	distance to Andromeda Galaxy
		3.26 million light-years =30.8 Zm = 1 megaparsec	1 megaparsec
		50 Zm (1.6 Mpc)	diameter of Local Group of galaxies
		5.5 million light-years = 52.02 Zm	diameter of IC 1101, as of 2013 the largest known galaxy
1023	100 Zm	300–600 Zm = 10–20 megaparsecs	distance to Virgo cluster of galaxies
1024	1 yottametre (Ym)	200 million light-years = 1.9 Ym = 61 megaparsecs	diameter of the Local Supercluster and the largest voids and filaments.
		300 million light-years = 2.8 Ym = 100 megaparsecs	End of Greatness
		550 million light-years ~170 megaparsecs ~5 Ym	diameter of the enormous Horologium Supercluster
		1 billion light-years = 9.46 Ym =306 megaparsecs	diameter of the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, the supercluster complex where we live.
1025	10 Ym	1.37 billion light years = 1.3Template:E m = 13 Ym	Length of the Sloan Great Wall, a giant wall of galaxies (galactic filament).
		3.26 billion light years =30.8 Ym = 1 gigaparsec	1 gigaparsec
		4 billion light years = 3.784Template:E m = 37.84 Ym	Length of the Huge-LQG, a group of 73 quasars, the largest and most massive structure in the observable universe as of 2013
1026	100 Ym	1Template:E light-years = 9.5Template:E m = 95 Ym	estimated light travel distance to certain quasars
		13.42 billion light years =1.27Template:E m = 127 Ym	Estimated light travel distance to UDFj-39546284, the most distant object ever observed
		9.2Template:E light years = 8.7Template:E m = 870 Ym	approx. diameter (comoving distance) of the visible universe
1027	1000 Ym	~250 billion light years = 2.4Template:E m = 2400 Ym	lower bound of the (possibly infinite) radius of the universe, if it is a 3-sphere, according to one estimate using the WMAP data at 95% confidence. It equivalently implies that there are at minimum 21 particle horizon-sized volumes in the universe.
1028	10 000 Ym	~7.8 trillion light years = 7.4Template:E m = 74000 Ym	Lower bound of the homogeneous universe derived from the Planck spacecraft
$10^{10^{64}}$	$10^{10^{64}}$ Ym	$10^{10^{64}}$ megaparsecs =$10^{10^{64}}$ m =$10^{10^{64}}$ Ym	The size of the universe according to chaotic inflation theory.
$10^{10^{122}}$	$10^{10^{122}}$ Ym	$10^{10^{122}}$ megaparsecs = $10^{10^{122}}$ m = $10^{10^{122}}$Ym	According to the laws of probability, the distance one must travel until one encounters a volume of space identical to our observable universe with conditions identical to our own.
$10^{10^{10^{122}}}$	$10^{10^{10^{122}}}$ Ym	$10^{10^{10^{122}}}$ Mpc = $10^{10^{10^{122}}}$ m = $10^{10^{10^{122}}}$Ym	size of universe after cosmological inflation, implied by one resolution of the No-Boundary Proposal

See also

• List of examples of lengths
• List of semiconductor scale examples
• Earth's location in the universe
• Powers of Ten, a 1968 short documentary film which depicts the relative scale of the Universe in factors of ten.

Notes

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

• How Big Are Things? displays orders of magnitude in successively larger rooms
• Powers of Ten Travel across the Universe. Altering perspective by changing scale by just a few powers of ten (interactive) Template:Dead link
• Cosmos – an Illustrated Dimensional Journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos – from Digital Nature Agency Template:Dead link
• Scale of the universe- interactive guide to length magnitudes

Template:Orders of magnitude wide Template:New Testament manuscript infobox

Codex Augiensis, designated by F^p or 010 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 1029 (von Soden) is a 9th-century diglot uncial manuscript of the Pauline Epistles in double parallel columns of Greek and Latin on the same page.

Description

The codex contains 136 parchment leaves (Template:×), with some gaps in the Greek (Romans 1:1-3:19, 1 Corinthians 3:8-16, 6:7-14, Colossans 2:1-8, Philemon 21-25, Hebrews). Hebrews is given in Latin only. It is written in two columns per page, 28 lines per page.

Text

Textual character

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Western text-type. According to Kurt and Barbara Aland it agrees with the Byzantine standard text 43 times, and 11 times with the Byzantine when it has the same reading as the original text. It agrees 89 times with the original text against the Byzantine. It has 70 independent or distinctive readings. Alands placed it in Category II.

Textual features

In Romans 12:11 it reads καιρω for κυριω, the reading of the manuscript is supported by Codex Claromontanus*, Codex Boernerianus 5 it ^d,g, Origen^lat.

In 1 Corinthians 2:4 the Latin text supports reading πειθοι σοφιας (plausible wisdom), as 35 and Codex Boernerianus (Latin text).

In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (prayer) along with ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹¹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁶, א*, A, B, C, D, G, P, Ψ, 6, 33, 81, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (fasting and prayer) or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (prayer and fasting) – 330, 451, John of Damascus.

The section 1 Cor 14:34-35 is placed after 1 Cor 14:40, like other manuscripts of the Western text-type (Claromontanus, Boernerianus, 88, it^{d, g}, and some manuscripts of Vulgate).

Relationship to Codex Boernerianus

The Greek text of both manuscripts is almost the same; the Latin text differs. Also lacunae omissions are paralleled to the sister manuscript Codex Boernerianus. According to Griesbach Augiensis was recopied from Boernerianus. According to Tischendorf two codices were recopied from the same manuscript. Scrivener enumerated 1982 differences between these two codices. Among textual scholars, there is a tendency to prefer Augiensis above Boernerianus. The codex is also similar to Codex Claromontanus, and again scholars favour the readings in Augiensis above those in Claromontanus.

History

Codex Augiensis is named after the monastery of Augia Dives in Lake Constance. In 1718 Richard Bentley (1662–1742) was its owner. The Greek text of the codex was edited by Scrivener in 1859. It was examined, described and collated by Tischendorf. E. M. Thompson edited a facsimile.

The codex today is located in the library of Trinity College (Cat. number: B. XVII. 1) in Cambridge.

See also

Sportspersons Hyslop from Nicolet, usually spends time with pastimes for example martial arts, property developers condominium in singapore singapore and hot rods. Maintains a trip site and has lots to write about after touring Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana.

• List of New Testament uncials
• List of New Testament Latin manuscripts
• Textual criticism

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

Further reading

• F. H. A. Scrivener, Contributions to the Criticism of the Greek New Testament bring the introduction to an edition of the Codex Augiensis and fifty other Manuscripts, Cambridge 1859.
• K. Tischendorf, Anecdota sacra et profana ex oriente et occidente allata sive notitia, Lipsiae 1861, pp. 209-216.
• W. H. P. Hatch, On the Relationship of Codex Augiensis and Codex Boernerianus of the Pauline Epistles, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 60, 1951, pp. 187–199.

External links

• R. Waltz, Codex Augiensis F (010), Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
• Codex Augiensis at the Trinity College Library Cambridge
• Cambridge Trinity B.17.1 high-resolution digital reproduction available at the St Gall Plan Project.