Surface conductivity

Ward Leonard Control, also known as the Ward Leonard Drive System, was a widely used DC motor speed control system introduced by Harry Ward Leonard in 1891. In early 1900s, the control system of Ward Leonard was adopted by the U.S. Navy and also used in passenger lift of large mines. It also provided a solution to a moving sidewalk at the Paris Exposition of 1900, where many others had failed to operate properly.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. An outstanding contribution to the war effort was the use of Ward-Leonard Control systems in antiaircraft radars. Connected to automatic anti-aircraft gun directors, the tracking motion in two dimensions had to be extremely smooth and precise. The MIT Radiation Laboratory selected Ward-Leonard to equip the famous radar SCR-584 in 1942. The Ward Leonard control system was widely used for elevators until thyristor drives became available in the 1980s, because it offered smooth speed control and consistent torque. Many Ward Leonard control systems and variations on them remain in use.

Basic concept

A Ward Leonard drive is a high-power amplifier in the multi-kilowatt range, built from rotating electrical machinery. A Ward Leonard drive unit consists of a motor and generator with shafts coupled together. The motor, which turns at a constant speed, may be AC or DC powered. The generator is a DC generator, with field windings and armature windings. The input to the amplifier is applied to the field windings, and the output comes from the armature windings. The amplifier output is usually connected to a second motor, which moves the load, such as an elevator. With this arrangement, small changes in current applied to the input, and thus the generator field, result in large changes in the output, allowing smooth speed control.

Armature voltage control only controls the motor speed from zero to load motor base speed. If higher load motor speeds are needed the motor field current can be lowered, however by doing this the available torque at the motor armature will be reduced. This system provides constant torque (hence variable horsepower) below base speed, rated horsepower (and torque) at base speed, and constant horsepower (hence variable torque) above base speed.

Another advantage for this method is that the speed of the load motor can be controlled in both directions of rotation

For practical reasons, it is the armature which is reversed, never the field, as loss of field current, even for a moment, could lead to a motor runaway, sometimes referred to as "bird-caging" the motor, and representing a catastrophic failure of the load motor's rotor.

Another practical consideration is the armature usually has a much lower inductance than the field, therefore reversal of the motor can be more economically effectuated using armature reversal.

Most Ward Leonard drives are so-called "four quadrant" drives: forward motoring, forward braking, reverse motoring and reverse braking.

Braking is usually accomplished by connecting the motor's armature to a set of "dynamic braking" resistors which dissipates braking energy as heat. Full motor field is always applied during braking.

In one notable application, the motor can go from a dead stop to more than 3,000 rpm in under 2 seconds, and from more than 3,000 rpm to a dead stop, also in under 2 seconds, or from more than 3,000 rpm in one direction to more than 3,000 rpm in the opposite direction in under 4 seconds. This, from a motor with a "base speed" in the 1,100 rpm range.

A more technical description

A Ward Leonard Control system with generator and motor connected directly.

The speed of motor is controlled by varying the voltage fed to the generator, V_gf, which varies the output voltage of the generator. The varied output voltage will change the voltage of the motor, since they are connected directly through the armature. Consequently changing the V_gf will control the speed of the motor. The picture of the right shows the Ward Leonard control system, with the V_gf feeding the generator and V_mf feeding the motor.

Mathematical approach

Among many ways of defining the characteristic of a system, obtaining a transfer characteristic is one of the most commonly used methods. Below are the steps to obtain the transfer function, eq. 4.

Before going into the equations, first conventions should be set up, which will follow the convention data used. The first subscripts 'g' and 'm' each represents generator and motor. The superscripts 'f', 'r',and 'a', correspond to field, rotor, and armature.

• $W_{i}$ = plant state vector
• $K$ = gain
• $t$ = time constant
• $J$ = polar moment of inertia
• $D$ = angular viscous friction
• $G$ = rotational inductance constant
• $s$ = Laplace operator

Eq. 1: The generator field equation

$V_{g}^{f}=R_{g}^{f}I_{g}^{f}+L_{g}^{f}I_{g}^{f}$

Eq. 2: The equation of electrical equilibrium in the armature circuit

$-G_{g}^{f}aI_{g}^{f}W_{g}^{r}+(R_{g}^{a}+R_{m}^{a})I^{a}+(L_{g}^{a}+L_{m}^{a})I^{a}+G_{m}^{f}aI_{m}^{f}W_{m}^{r}=0$

Eq. 3: Motor torque equation

$-T_{L}=J_{m}W_{m}^{r}+D_{m}W_{m}^{r}$

With total impedance, $L_{g}^{a}+L_{m}^{a}$, neglected, the transfer function can be obtained by solving eq 3 $T_{L}=0$.

Eq. 4: Transfer function

${\frac {W_{m}^{r}(S)}{V_{g}^{f}(S)}}={\cfrac {K_{B}K_{v}/D_{m}}{\left(t_{g}^{f}s+1\right)\left(t_{m}s+{\frac {K_{m}}{D_{m}}}\right)}}$

with the constants defined as below:

$K_{B}={\frac {G_{m}^{f}aV_{m}^{f}}{R_{m}^{f}(R_{g}^{a}+R_{m}^{a})}}$

$K_{v}={\frac {G_{g}^{f}aW_{g}^{r}}{R_{g}^{f}}}$

$t_{m}={\frac {J_{m}}{D_{m}}}$

$t_{g}^{f}={\frac {L_{g}^{f}}{R_{g}^{f}}}$

$K_{m}=D_{m}+K_{B}^{2}(R_{g}^{a}+R_{m}^{a})$

See also

• Adjustable-speed drive
• Amplidyne
• Brushed DC electric motor
• Electric motor
• Electronic speed control
• Harry Ward Leonard
• Metadyne
• Motor controller
• Motor-generator

References

Citations

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

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  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
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  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
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