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| '''Integrated information theory''' is a theoretical framework for attempting to understand and explain the nature of [[consciousness]]. It was developed by psychiatrist and neuroscientist [[Giulio Tononi]] of the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]].<ref>{{Cite journal
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| | issn = 0006-3185
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| | volume = 215
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| | issue = 3
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| | pages = 216–242
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| | last = Tononi
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| | first = Giulio
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| | title = Consciousness as integrated information: a provisional manifesto
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| | journal = The Biological Bulletin
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| | date = December 2008
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| | pmid=19098144
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| }}</ref>
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| == Overview ==
| | Making sure you have the correct size is very important; a poor fitting helmet can be uncomfortable and unsafe. If you keep winning competitions, you will be invited to bigger and bigger races. If you go on a regular mountain biking, you will develop a healthier body and disposition. There should not be a strain and similarly you shouldn't find yourself catching your breath. However, due to its high price tag and light weight, it is seldom used for jumping and downhill races. <br><br>On the road to the airport find your way to Lake Caburgua and then Trancura River. After their devastating loss to the Dallas Mavericks, there has been a lot of question as to whether they are really capable of winning a title or not. Experts recommend that runners drink only when thirsty. Then, the front Shock absorbers are used as a headset mechanism that connects the front fork to the stem or the handlebars and spokes. However, that being said, many cross country riders prefer hardtail ones because the lighter and stiffer rear ends are better for acceleration and sprinting. <br><br>If you are looking for the best safety mountain bike accessories then the first thing you need to look into is a helmet. The big three has a major part to play on this matter and so they should step up to be strong and mature leaders. This Cannondale Mountain Bike is a beast, plain and simple. If you have a mountain bike or a road bike, it is important that you know how to care of it properly. There is a key point that you should always remember when going on any bicycle ride, especially one of great length. <br><br>With knowledge on the strengths and weakness of the MTB model, they are a great source of help. Find more information about Hardtail mountain bikes here. But older children may have more adventurous tastes, and want for toys that are - well, still miniatures, but are flashier, more expensive, and more functional. People like to ride the mountain bike to those terrains because they enjoy the thrill and the adventure. But that wasn't the bad part 'cause, see, those two almost invisible grey hairs were only a distraction from the real culprit. <br><br>Together, you will be responsible for forming a life, raising children, making a home. We have the best selection of bicycle parts( like wheels, bike handlebars, cycling shoes, bicycle pedals, bike cranks, shifters, bicycle brakes, bicycle tires and much more. If riding on public roads in Australia, then the maximum motor wattage is 250W and the bike also then becomes speed limited. Hence, XC suspension forks tend to have a short travel and are light weight. The bike retailer staff will likely be more then glad to expand on and point out the advantages and disadvantages of each design If you have any questions concerning wherever and how to use [http://ledisali.com/profile/rnrbe.html Biking for modern life mountain bike sizing.], you can make contact with us at the web page. . |
| [[File:Decomposing systems into overlapping complexes from Tononi's IITC.png|thumb|right|Schematic diagram of how to decompose systems into overlapping complexes according to Tononi's information integration theory]]
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| The theory is based on two key propositions. The first is that every observable [[conscious state]] contains a massive amount of information. A common example of this is every frame in a movie. Upon seeing a single frame of a movie you have watched you instantly associate it with a "specific conscious percept."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Koch |first=Christof |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=a-theory-of-consciousness |title=A "Complex" Theory of Consciousness |magazine=Scientific American |date= |accessdate=2012-04-18}}</ref> That is to say you can discriminate a single frame from a film with any other single frame, including a blank, black screen. The mind, therefore, can discriminate amongst a massive number of possible visual states. This is a tremendous amount of information being represented. Compare our visual awareness to a simple photodiode which only can discriminate the presence of light from dark. It doesn't matter if the light is a lightbulb, a scene from ''Ben Hur'' or the bright light of noon on a summer day, the photodiode represents only minimal information. The hypothesis then is that the amount of consciousness an entity has is equal to the amount of information processing it can perform. This brings us to the second key observation of the theory.
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| All of the information you have gleaned from conscious states is highly, and innately, integrated into your mind. It is impossible for you to see the world apart from all of the information that you are conscious of. When you are looking at an orange, for example, you cannot separate the color of the fruit (orange) from its shape (round). Consciousness is "integrated"; even though color processing and spatial processing are separately localized in the brain (a stroke victim can lose color perception yet maintain perfect spatial awareness, for example) conscious experiences cannot be atomized into distinct parts.
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| {{Not a typo|Giulio}} Tononi's initial ideas were further developed by Adam Barrett, who created similar measures of integrated information<ref>Barrett, A.B., & Seth, A.K. (2011). Practical measures of integrated information for time-series data. PLoS Comput. Biol., 7(1): e1001052</ref> such as "phi empirical".
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| == Definition of consciousness ==
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| In this theory, consciousness arises as a property of a physical system, its 'integrated information'. Integrated information is an exact quantity that can be measured using the following equations:
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| === Information ===
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| Given: a system (including current probability distribution) and Mechanism (which specifies the possible next state probability distribution, if the current state is perturbed with all possible inputs).<br />
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| You can determine: Actual Distribution (Possible system states at time t = -1)<br />
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| Thus: System and Mechanism constitute information (about the system's previous state), in the classic sense of 'reduction of uncertainty.'
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| === Relative entropy/effective information ===
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| Effective Information = relative entropy H between the actual and potential repertoires = [[Kullback-Leibler divergence]]
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| It is implicitly specified by mechanism and state, so it is an 'intrinsic' property of the system.
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| One can calculate the actual repertoire of states by perturbing the system in all possible ways to obtain the forward repertoire of output states. After that, one applies Bayes' Rule.
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| ==== Example ====
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| System of two binary elements – four possible states (00, 01, 10, 11)
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| The first binary element operates randomly. The second binary element will be whatever the first element was in the previous state. Initially: (0, 0).
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| maximum entropy: p = (1/4, 1/4, 1/4, 1/4)<br />
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| Given, at time t, state is 11<br />
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| Previous state must have been 11 or 10, p = (0, 0, 1/2, 1/2)<br />
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| Generated one bit of information since <math>ei(X(mech,x_1)) = H[p(X_0(mech,x_1)) \parallel p(X_0(maxH))]</math><br />
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| where X is our system, mech is that system's mechanism, x1 is a state of the system, and p(X0(maxH)) is the uniform or potential distribution.
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| === Integration (Φ) ===
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| <math>\Phi (X(mech,x_1)) = H[p(X_0(mech,x_1)) \parallel \Pi p( ^k M_0(mech,\mu_1))]</math> for <math>^k M_0 \in MIP</math>
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| where X is our system, mech is that system's mechanism, <math>x_1</math> is a state of the system, <math>\Pi(p(^k M_0(mech,\mu_1)))</math> is the product of all the probability distributions of each part of the system in the minimal information partition.
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| It's clear then that <math>\Phi</math> will be high when there is a lot of information generated among the parts of a system as opposed to within them.
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| === Complexes ===
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| A complex is a set of elements that generate integrated information that is not fully contained in a larger set of higher <math>\Phi</math>.
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| This then leads naturally to the notion of a main complex, which is the complex in a system that generates the largest amount of <math>\Phi</math>. Note that a main complex can partially contain complexes of lower <math>\Phi</math> within it.
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| == Interpretations of different aspects of consciousness ==
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| === Quality of consciousness ===
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| We begin by defining a multi-dimensional space called qualia space, or Q-space.
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| This space has an axis for every state of the system. A point in this space, then, has a component for every state; if we restrict the components to be numbers from 0 to 1, then we can view the components as probabilities that the system is in that state.
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| Thus a point in Q-space represents a probability distribution.
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| Now again using relative entropy we can measure the amount of information generated by a single connection c within the system with the following equation:
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| <math>\Phi_c = H[p(X(mech,x)) \parallel p(Y(mech,y))]</math>
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| where Y is the system with that connection removed.
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| Thus there are points Y and X in Q-space that correspond to the probability distributions of the system with and without the connection c, respectively. We can then draw a vector from Y to X that has length <math>\Phi_c</math>. This vector is associated with the connection c and is called a q-arrow. So a q-arrow is a representation of the informational relationship specified by a connection.
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| ==References==
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| <!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically -->
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/full/215/3/216 Integrated Information Theory: A Provisional Manifesto]
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| * [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/21/science/21consciousness.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&sq=integrated%20information%20theory&st=nyt&scp=1 Sizing Up Consciousness by Its Bits]
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| * [http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/a-bit-of-theory-consciousness-as-integrated-information A Bit of Theory: Consciousness as Integrated Information Theory]
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| * [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=a-theory-of-consciousness Scientific American Article]
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| * [http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000091 Integrated Information in Discrete Dynamical Systems: Motivation and Theoretical Framework]
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| ==Online videos==
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| * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tWr6HW9xKw Christof Koch on the Neurobiology and Mathematics of Consciousness]
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| * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgQgfb-HkQk Consciousness and the Brain, Giulio Tononi]
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| [[Category:Consciousness studies]]
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| [[Category:Information theory]]
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Making sure you have the correct size is very important; a poor fitting helmet can be uncomfortable and unsafe. If you keep winning competitions, you will be invited to bigger and bigger races. If you go on a regular mountain biking, you will develop a healthier body and disposition. There should not be a strain and similarly you shouldn't find yourself catching your breath. However, due to its high price tag and light weight, it is seldom used for jumping and downhill races.
On the road to the airport find your way to Lake Caburgua and then Trancura River. After their devastating loss to the Dallas Mavericks, there has been a lot of question as to whether they are really capable of winning a title or not. Experts recommend that runners drink only when thirsty. Then, the front Shock absorbers are used as a headset mechanism that connects the front fork to the stem or the handlebars and spokes. However, that being said, many cross country riders prefer hardtail ones because the lighter and stiffer rear ends are better for acceleration and sprinting.
If you are looking for the best safety mountain bike accessories then the first thing you need to look into is a helmet. The big three has a major part to play on this matter and so they should step up to be strong and mature leaders. This Cannondale Mountain Bike is a beast, plain and simple. If you have a mountain bike or a road bike, it is important that you know how to care of it properly. There is a key point that you should always remember when going on any bicycle ride, especially one of great length.
With knowledge on the strengths and weakness of the MTB model, they are a great source of help. Find more information about Hardtail mountain bikes here. But older children may have more adventurous tastes, and want for toys that are - well, still miniatures, but are flashier, more expensive, and more functional. People like to ride the mountain bike to those terrains because they enjoy the thrill and the adventure. But that wasn't the bad part 'cause, see, those two almost invisible grey hairs were only a distraction from the real culprit.
Together, you will be responsible for forming a life, raising children, making a home. We have the best selection of bicycle parts( like wheels, bike handlebars, cycling shoes, bicycle pedals, bike cranks, shifters, bicycle brakes, bicycle tires and much more. If riding on public roads in Australia, then the maximum motor wattage is 250W and the bike also then becomes speed limited. Hence, XC suspension forks tend to have a short travel and are light weight. The bike retailer staff will likely be more then glad to expand on and point out the advantages and disadvantages of each design If you have any questions concerning wherever and how to use Biking for modern life mountain bike sizing., you can make contact with us at the web page. .