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| In [[mathematics]], '''directed algebraic topology''' is a form of [[algebraic topology]] that studies [[topological spaces]] equipped with a ''direction''.
| | By investing in a premium Word - Press theme, you're investing in the future of your website. It is thus, on these grounds that compel various web service provider companies to integrate the same in their packages too. Your parishioners and certainly interested audience can come in to you for further information from the group and sometimes even approaching happenings and systems with the church. 2- Ask for the designs and graphics that will be provided along with the Word - Press theme. The number of options offered here is overwhelming, but once I took the time to begin to review the video training, I was amazed at how easy it was to create a squeeze page and a membership site. <br><br>The Internet is a vast open market where businesses and consumers congregate. If you are a positive thinker businessman then today you have to put your business online. Our Daily Deal Software plugin brings the simplicity of setting up a Word - Press blog to the daily deal space. Being able to help with your customers can make a change in how a great deal work, repeat online business, and referrals you'll be given. Here is more in regards to [http://topne.ws/WordpressBackup38094 backup plugin] review the website. Word - Press makes it possible to successfully and manage your website. <br><br>The entrepreneurs can easily captivate their readers by using these versatile themes. Browse through the popular Wordpress theme clubs like the Elegant Themes, Studio Press, Woo - Themes, Rocket Theme, Simple Themes and many more. This platform can be customizedaccording to the requirements of the business. Newer programs allow website owners and internet marketers to automatically and dynamically change words in their content to match the keywords entered by their web visitors in their search queries'a feat that they cannot easily achieve with older software. Premium vs Customised Word - Press Themes - Premium themes are a lot like customised themes but without the customised price and without the wait. <br><br>Digg Digg Social Sharing - This plugin that is accountable for the floating social icon located at the left aspect corner of just about every submit. I didn't straight consider near it solon than one distance, I got the Popup Ascendancy plugin and it's up and lengthways, likely you make seen it today when you visited our blog, and I yet customize it to fit our Thesis Wound which gives it a rattling uncomparable visage and search than any different popup you know seen before on any added journal, I hump arrogated asset of one of it's quatern themes to make our own. re creating a Word - Press design yourself, the good news is there are tons of Word - Press themes to choose from. If you choose a blog then people will be able to post articles on your site and people will be able to make comments on your posts (unless you turn comments off). Where from they are coming, which types of posts are getting top traffic and many more. <br><br>More it extends numerous opportunities where your firm is at comfort and rest assured of no risks & errors. Mahatma Gandhi is known as one of the most prominent personalities and symbols of peace, non-violence and freedom. It's not a secret that a lion share of activity on the internet is takes place on the Facebook. ) Remote Login: With the process of PSD to Wordpress conversion comes the advantage of flexibility. Definitely when you wake up from the slumber, you can be sure that you will be lagging behind and getting on track would be a tall order. |
| The generic term ''directed spaces'' is applied to such spaces. Directed algebraic topology is a subject that emerged in the 1990s to meet the need for models of [[Concurrency (computer science)]]. Its domain is distinguished from classical algebraic topology by the principle that directed spaces have privileged directions and that the directed paths therein need not be reversible. Its homotopical tools, corresponding to ordinary homotopies, fundamental groups and fundamental n-groupoids, are similarly 'non-reversible': directed homotopies, fundamental monoids and fundamental n-categories. Its applications deal with domains where privileged directions appear, like [[Concurrency (computer science)|concurrent processes]], [[Network traffic control|traffic networks]], [[spacetime]] models, [[noncommutative geometry]], [[rewriting|rewriting systems]] and the modelling of [[biological system]]s.<ref>[http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521760362 Directed Algebraic Topology: Models of Non-Reversible Worlds], Marco Grandis, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-76036-2 Free download from [http://www.dima.unige.it/~grandis/BkDAT_page.html authors website]</ref>
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| ==Directed Spaces==
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| Many mathematical definitions have been proposed to formalise the notion of directed space. [[E. W. Dijkstra]] introduced a simple dialect to deal with [[semaphore (programming)|semaphores]], the so-called 'PV language', and to provide each PV program an abstract model: its 'geometric semantics'. Any such model admits a natural '''partially ordered space''' (or '''pospace''') structure i.e. a [[topology]] and a [[partial order]].<ref>Topology and Order. Leopoldo Nachbin, Van Nostrand Company, 1965</ref> The points of the model should be thought of as the states of the program and the partial order as the 'causality' relation between states. Following this approach, the directed paths over the model i.e. the monotonic continuous paths, represent the execution traces of the program. From the computer science point of view, however, the resulting pospaces have a severe drawback. Because partial orders are by definition antisymmetric, their only '''directed loops''' i.e. directed paths which end where they start, are the constant loops.
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| Inspired by [[smooth manifold]]s, L. Fajstrup, E. Goubault, and M. Raussen use the [[sheaf (mathematics)|sheaf]]-theoretic approach to define '''local pospaces'''.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL&_cid=271538&_user=2432700&_pii=S030439750600274X&_check=y&_origin=&_coverDate=25-Jul-2006&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlk-zSkzV&md5=4a5601e7ea391f3e53ff7a976621bb0f/1-s2.0-S030439750600274X-main.pdf Algebraic Topology and Concurrency] L. Fajstrup, E. Goubault, and M. Raussen, Theoretical Computer Science, 357, 2006, 241-278</ref> Roughly speaking, a local pospace is a topological space together with an [[open covering]] whose elements are endowed with a partial order. Given two elements U and V of the covering, it is required that the partial orders on U and V match on the intersection. Though local pospaces allow directed loops, they form a category whose colimits—when they exist—may be rather ill-behaved.
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| Noting that the directed paths of a (local) pospace appear as a by-product of the (local) partial order—even though they themselves contain most of the relevant information about direction—Marco Grandis defines '''d-spaces'''<ref>[http://www.dima.unige.it/~grandis/Dht1.pdf Directed homotopy theory, I. The fundamental category] Marco Grandis, Cahiers Top. Géom. Diff. Catég 44 (2003), 281-316</ref> as topological spaces endowed with a collection of paths, whose members are said to be directed, such that any constant path is directed, the concatenation of two directed paths is still directed, and any subpath of a directed path is directed. D-spaces admit non-constant directed loops and form a category enjoying properties similar to the ones enjoyed by the category of topological spaces.
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| As shown by Sanjeevi Krishnan, the drawbacks of local pospaces can be avoided if we extend the notion of pospaces by means of 'cosheaves'. The notion of '''stream'''<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/474t3731g2664w6j/fulltext.pdf A Convenient Category of Locally Preordered Spaces] Sanjeevi Krishnan, 2009, Applied Categorical Structures vol. 17, 5, 445-466</ref> is defined thus. More precisely one considers preorders on open subsets and one requires that given any open subset U and any open covering Ω of U, the preorder associated with U is 'generated' by the preorders associated with each member of Ω. The resulting category behaves as nicely as the category of d-spaces. Indeed both of them one can define the directed geometric realization of cubical set (simplicial set) so that its underlying topological space is the (usual) geometric realisation. In fact there is a natural embedding G of the category of streams into the category of d-spaces. This embedding admits a left [[adjoint functor]] F. The images of F and G are isomorphic, an isomorphism being obtained by restricting F and G to those images. The category of d-spaces can thus be seen as one of the most general formalisations of the intuitive notion of directed space.
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| ==Directed Homotopies between Directed Paths==
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| Regardless of the kind of directed space on considers (pospaces, local pospaces, d-spaces or streams) there is an obvious [[forgetful functor]] to the category of topological spaces. Given two directed paths γ and δ, a directed homotopy from γ to δ is a morphism of directed spaces h whose underlying map U(h) is a homotopy –in the usual sense– between the underlying [[path (topology)]] U(γ) and U(δ). In algebraic topology, there is a homotopy from α to β if and only if there is a homotopy from β to α. Due to non-reversibility, this is no longer true for directed homotopies. As a consequence, we define the congruence <math>\sim</math> as the least equivalence relation on the directed paths which is compatible with concatenation and relates γ to δ as soon as there is a directed homotopy from γ to δ. Going back to the computer science motivation where directed paths represent execution traces, directed homotopies provide a way to identify execution traces. Hence, given a directed space X which models some concurrent program P, the topology of X can be seen as the 'local commutations' of actions in the program P. In classical models of concurrency like 'asynchronous graphs' of 'Mazurkiewicz traces', the local commutations are provided by a relation over the arrows or the actions.
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| ==The Fundamental Category==
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| The fundamental category of a directed space is defined by mimicking the construction of the [[fundamental groupoid]]<ref>[http://www.tac.mta.ca/tac/reprints/articles/7/tr7abs.html Categories and Groupoids], Philip J. Higgins, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971</ref><ref>Topology and Groupoids. Ronald Brown. Booksurge LLC, 2006</ref> of a topological space. More precisely given a directed space <math>X</math>, we consider the (small) category <math>DX</math> of directed paths over <math>X</math> up to monotonic reparametrisation<ref>Reparametrization of Continuous Paths. Ulrich Fahrenberg and Martin Raussen. Journal of Homotopy and Related Structures, vol. 2(2), 2007, pp.93–117</ref> and define the fundamental category of <math>X</math> as the quotient <math>\pi_1(X)\ :=\ DX/\sim</math>. This construction gives rise to a functor <math>\pi_1</math> from the category of directed space to the category of small categories.
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| ===Some properties===
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| The fundamental category functor satisfies some kind of [[Seifert–van Kampen theorem]].
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| The fundamental category functor preserves binary products.
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| As a consequence of the antisymmetry, the fundamental category C of a pospace is '''loop-free''' i.e. for all objects x and y, if both homsets C(x,y) and C(y,x) are nonempty, then x=y and C(x,x) is a singleton.
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| Two directed paths γ and δ sharing the same image i.e. {γ(t) | t∊dom(γ)} = {δ(t) | t∊dom(δ)} are dihomotopic i.e. γ ~ δ. This property obviously fails in algebraic topology e.g. consider paths winding around the circle.
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| Given X the model of some concurrent program P, the homsets of the fundamental category of X are countable. In addition, if no looping instruction occurs in P, then the homsets of X are finite. This is the case when P is a PV program in the sense originally given by Dijkstra. In comparison all the nontrivial homsets of the category of directed paths DX are uncountable.
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| ==The Category of Components==
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| While the Fundamental Category construction drastically reduces the size of the homsets of DX, it leaves its collection of objects unchanged. And yet, if X is the geometric model of some concurrent program P, this collection is uncountable. The Category of Components was introduced to find a full subcategory of the Fundamental category with as few objects as possible though it contains all the relevant information from the original.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/n57g1242304634v3/ Components of the Fundamental Category]. L. Fajstrup, E. Goubault, E. Haucourt, and M. Raussen. App. Cat. Struct. 12(1), 81-108, 2004</ref> If <math>C</math> is a ''loop-free'' category, then its category of components <math>\pi_0(C)</math> can be described in the language of [[Category Theory]] without assuming <math>C</math> is the fundamental category of some directed space. In this case the intuitive notion of ''insignificant'' morphisms is formalised as a collection <math>\Sigma</math> of morphisms of <math>C</math> satisfying some stability properties and whose elements both preserve the ''past'' of their source and the ''future'' of their target. Then <math>\pi_0(C)</math> is defined as the quotient<ref>[http://www.tac.mta.ca/tac/volumes/1999/n11/n11.pdf Generalized Congruences — Epimorphisms in <math>Cat</math>] Theory and Applications of Categories 5(11) 266–280, 1999</ref> <math>C/\Sigma</math> which is proven to be equivalent to the [[localization of a category]] <math>C[\Sigma^{-1}]</math>.<ref>[http://www.tac.mta.ca/tac/volumes/16/27/16-27.pdf Categories of Components and Loop-Free Categories] Emmanuel Haucourt, Theory and Applications of Categories 16(27), 736–770, 2006</ref> The category of components of a PV program P is then defined as <math>\pi_0(\pi_1(X))</math> where <math>X</math> is the geometric model of P. As an interesting property, the category of components of any PV program is ''finite''.
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| ==Topics==
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| ===Higher Order Directed Homotopy===
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| The higher order directed homotopy theory can be developed through ''cylinder'' functor and ''path'' functor, all constructions and properties being expressed in the setting of categorical algebra<math>^{[1]}</math>. This approach emphasizes the combinatorial role of cubical sets in directed algebraic topology.
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| ===The Model Category approach===
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| Philippe Gaucher proposed an alternative formalisation of the notion of directed space which is, roughly speaking, based on the category of directed graphs enriched in topological spaces i.e. the collection of arrows from x to y is endowed with a topology. This approach gives rise to the so-called category of ''Flows'',<ref>[http://intlpress.com/HHA/v5/n1/a20/pdf A model category for the homotopy theory of concurrency] P. Gaucher, Homology, Homotopy and Applications, vol. 5 (1):p.549-599, 2003</ref> which admits a nontrivial [[model category]] structure. He introduced
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| a topological version (here a topological category means a category equipped with a topological forgetful functor towards the category
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| of sets) using a variant of Marco Grandis' d-spaces, the multipointed d-spaces.<ref>[http://www.tac.mta.ca/tac/volumes/22/22/22-22.pdf Homotopical interpretation of globular complex by multipointed d-space] P. Gaucher, Theory and Applications of Categories, vol. 22, 588-621, 2009</ref> In recent papers,
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| he constructed similar model category structures on cubical higher dimensional transition systems (whose a reflective subcategory is the one of Cattani-Sassone higher dimensional transition systems) <ref>[http://www.tac.mta.ca/tac/volumes/25/12/25-12.pdf Towards a homotopy theory of higher dimensional transition systems] P. Gaucher, Theory and Applications of Categories, vol. 25, 295-341, 2011</ref> and on labelled symmetric precubical sets.<ref>[http://front.math.ucdavis.edu/1208.4494 Homotopy Theory of Labelled Symmetric Precubical Sets], P. Gaucher, (preprint ArXiv 2012)</ref> The common points of all these model category
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| structures is 1) the presence of the cofibration {0,1}→{0} identifiying two states, 2) the non-contractibility of the directed segment, 3) the strong relationship with the computer-scientific notion of bisimulation. The cylinders of the category of flows and of the category of multipointed d-spaces make the globes oscillate by keeping the set of states constant. All objects
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| of the model categories of flows and multipointed d-spaces are fibrant. It can be checked that the cylinders of these model categories
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| satisfy the homotopy exchange property introduced by Lafont-Métayer-Worytkiewicz in their work about globular omega-categories. The cylinders of the category of cubical transition systems and of labelled symmetric precubical sets make the cubes oscillate by keeping the set of states constant as well. These latter model category structures are constructed using M. Olschok's PhD which generalizes Cisinski's work on the homotopy theory of toposes. In these latter model category structures, all objects are cofibrant.
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| Thomas Kahl proved the existence of a nontrivial model category of pospaces. Yet this structure barely differs from the model structure over topological spaces. In many regards it just consists of forgetting the partial order of the objects.
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| Krzysztof Worytkiewicz uses advanced methods from model category theory (namely localization and completion) to build a model category from the small categories of finite dimensional directed hypercubes.
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| In fact any attempt to define a model structure over some category of directed spaces has to face the following question: should an inclusion map <math>\{*\}\hookrightarrow[0,1]</math> be a [[cofibration]], a [[weak equivalence (homotopy theory)|weak equivalence]], both (trivial cofibration) or none. For example, if we suppose <math>\{0\}\hookrightarrow[0,1]</math> is a trivial cofibration, then <math>\{0\}\times[0,1]\cup[0,1]\times\{0\}</math> (as a subpospace of the directed plane) is equivalent to a point since the collection of trivial cofibrations is stable under pushout.<ref>Model Categories. Mark Hovey, AMS, 1999</ref> This fact is prohibitive for computer science application though it is a trivial fact from homotopy theory if we drop the direction feature.
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| ===Directed Coverings===
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| ...
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| ===Software===
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| ...
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| ==Further reading==
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| *[http://www.math.ethz.ch/EMIS/journals/TAC/volumes/10/14/10-14.pdf Directed homotopy theory, II. Homotopy Constructs], Marco Grandis, Theory and Applications of Categories, Vol. 10, No. 14, 2002, pp. 369–391
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| *[http://www.dima.unige.it/~grandis/Fda0.Amiens.pdf A Few Points On Directed Algebraic Topology], Marco Grandis
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| *[http://www.dima.unige.it/~grandis/Bsy.pdf Directed combinatorial homology and noncommutative tori], Marco Grandis, Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 138 (2005), 233-262
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| [[Category:Algebraic topology]]
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