Thermal mass

Template:Infobox unbinilium Unbinilium Template:IPAc-en, also called eka-radium or element 120, is the temporary, systematic element name of a hypothetical chemical element in the periodic table that has the temporary symbol Ubn and has the atomic number 120. Since unbinilium should be placed below the alkaline earth metals it possibly has properties similar to those of radium or barium.

Attempts to date to synthesize the element using fusion reactions at low excitation energy have met with failure, although there are reports that the fission of nuclei of unbinilium at very high excitation has been successfully measured, indicating a strong shell effect at Z=120.

Attempts at synthesis

Neutron evaporation

Following the success in obtaining ununoctium by the reaction between ²⁴⁹Cf and ⁴⁸Ca, the discoverers started similar experiments in the hope of creating unbinilium (element 120) from ⁵⁸Fe and ²⁴⁴Pu. Isotopes of unbinilium are predicted to have alpha decay half-lives of the order of microseconds. In March–April 2007, the synthesis of unbinilium was attempted at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna by bombarding a plutonium-244 target with iron-58 ions. Initial analysis revealed that no atoms of element 120 were produced providing a limit of 400 fb for the cross section at the energy studied.

$\,_{94}^{244}\mathrm {Pu} +\,_{26}^{58}\mathrm {Fe} \to \,_{120}^{302}\mathrm {Ubn} ^{*}\to \ {\mathit {fission\ only}}$

The Russian team are planning to upgrade their facilities before attempting the reaction again.

In April 2007, the team at GSI attempted to create unbinilium using uranium-238 and nickel-64:

$\,_{92}^{238}\mathrm {U} +\,_{28}^{64}\mathrm {Ni} \to \,_{120}^{302}\mathrm {Ubn} ^{*}\to \ {\mathit {fission\ only}}$

No atoms were detected providing a limit of 1.6 pb on the cross section at the energy provided. The GSI repeated the experiment with higher sensitivity in three separate runs from April–May 2007, Jan–March 2008, and Sept–Oct 2008, all with negative results and providing a cross section limit of 90 fb.

In June–July 2010, scientists at the GSI attempted the fusion reaction:

$\,_{96}^{248}\mathrm {Cm} +\,_{24}^{54}\mathrm {Cr} \to \,_{120}^{302}\mathrm {Ubn} ^{*}$

They were unable to detect any atoms but exact details are not currently available.

In August–October 2011, a different team at the GSI using the TASCA facility tried the new reaction:

$\,_{98}^{249}\mathrm {Cf} +\,_{22}^{50}\mathrm {Ti} \to \,_{120}^{299}\mathrm {Ubn} ^{*}$

Results from this experiment are not yet available.

Compound nucleus fission

Unbinilium is of interest because it is part of the hypothesized island of stability, with the compound nucleus ³⁰²Ubn being the most stable of those that can be created directly by current methods. It has been calculated that Z=120 may in fact be the next proton magic number, rather than at Z=114 or 126.

Several experiments have been performed between 2000–2008 at the Flerov laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus ³⁰²Ubn. Two nuclear reactions have been used, namely ²⁴⁴Pu+⁵⁸Fe and ²³⁸U+⁶⁴Ni. The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as ¹³²Sn (Z=50, N=82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between ⁴⁸Ca and ⁵⁸Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of ⁵⁸Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation.

In 2008, the team at GANIL, France, described the results from a new technique which attempts to measure the fission half-life of a compound nucleus at high excitation energy, since the yields are significantly higher than from neutron evaporation channels. It is also a useful method for probing the effects of shell closures on the survivability of compound nuclei in the super-heavy region, which can indicate the exact position of the next proton shell (Z=114, 120, 124, or 126). The team studied the nuclear fusion reaction between uranium ions and a target of natural nickel:

$\,_{92}^{238}\mathrm {U} +\,_{28}^{nat}\mathrm {Ni} \to \,^{296,298,299,300,302}\mathrm {Ubn} ^{*}\to \ {\mathit {fission}}.$

The results indicated that nuclei of unbinilium were produced at high (~70 MeV) excitation energy which underwent fission with measurable half-lives > 10⁻¹⁸ s. Although very short, the ability to measure such a process indicates a strong shell effect at Z=120. At lower excitation energy (see neutron evaporation), the effect of the shell will be enhanced and ground-state nuclei can be expected to have relatively long half-lives. This result could partially explain the relatively long half-life of ²⁹⁴Uuo measured in experiments at Dubna. Similar experiments have indicated a similar phenomenon at Z=124 (see unbiquadium) but not for flerovium, suggesting that the next proton shell does in fact lie at Z>120.

Future reactions

The team at RIKEN have begun a program utilizing ²⁴⁸Cm targets and have indicated future experiments to probe the possibility of Z=120 being the next magic number using the aforementioned nuclear reactions to form ³⁰²Ubn.

Calculated decay characteristics

In a quantum tunneling model with mass estimates from a macroscopic-microscopic model, the alpha-decay half-lives of several isotopes of unbinilium (namely, ^292–304Ubn) have been predicted to be around 1–20 microseconds.

Extrapolated chemical properties

Unbinilium should be highly reactive, according to periodic trends, as this element is in the same periodic table column as the alkaline earth metals. It would be much more reactive than any other lighter elements of this group. If group reactivity is followed, this element would react violently in air to form an oxide (UbnO), in water to form the hydroxide, which would be a strong base and highly explosive in terms of flammability, and with the halogens to form salts (such as UbnCl₂).

Although unbinilium is expected to behave typically for an alkaline earth metal, showing a strong +2 oxidation state, the energetic properties of its valence electrons would increase its ionization energies; hence, unbinilium may have a lower metallic and ionic radius than expected, and may behave more similarly to calcium and strontium than barium or radium. Unbinilium is also predicted to be the first alkaline earth metal to display the +4 oxidation state, due to the ionization energy of the 7p_3/2 electrons, which is predicted to be very low. The +1 state may also be stable in isolation.

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=120 compound nuclei

The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with an atomic number of 120.

Target	Projectile	CN	Attempt result
208Pb	88Sr	296Ubn	Template:Unk
238U	64Ni	302Ubn	Hi! You have arrived here trying to find a reliable and ethical real estate agent in Singapore to assist with your property needs. Whether you are an expat, local or firm seeking to rent, let loose, purchase or sell, I have entry to the complete property market and supply the highest high quality, confirmed service to all my purchasers. In the final six month of 2013, $1.1 billion worth of potential transactions have been referred to worldwide agents by Juwai.com, the most important real estate portal that targets Chinese language patrons trying abroad. It was unclear what number of deals were actually completed. He and his co-employee in New York were referred a Chinese businessman by Juwai.com on the http://bh-weddings.club/ finish of last 12 months. The shopper gave them a budget of $one hundred million to put money into actual property in New York. 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248Cm	54Cr	302Ubn	Hi! You have arrived here trying to find a reliable and ethical real estate agent in Singapore to assist with your property needs. Whether you are an expat, local or firm seeking to rent, let loose, purchase or sell, I have entry to the complete property market and supply the highest high quality, confirmed service to all my purchasers. In the final six month of 2013, $1.1 billion worth of potential transactions have been referred to worldwide agents by Juwai.com, the most important real estate portal that targets Chinese language patrons trying abroad. It was unclear what number of deals were actually completed. He and his co-employee in New York were referred a Chinese businessman by Juwai.com on the http://bh-weddings.club/ finish of last 12 months. The shopper gave them a budget of $one hundred million to put money into actual property in New York. 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250Cm	54Cr	304Ubn	Template:Unk
249Cf	50Ti	299Ubn	Template:Unk
252Cf	50Ti	302Ubn	Template:Unk
257Fm	48Ca	305Ubn	Template:Unk

Theoretical calculations on evaporation cross sections

The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

MD = multi-dimensional; DNS = dinuclear system; AS = advanced statistical; σ = cross section

Target	Projectile	CN	Channel (product)	~σmax	Model	Ref
208Pb	88Sr	296Ubn	1n (295Ubn)	70 fb	DNS
208Pb	87Sr	295Ubn	1n (294Ubn)	80 fb	DNS
208Pb	88Sr	296Ubn	1n (295Ubn)	<0.1 fb	MD
238U	64Ni	302Ubn	3n (299Ubn)	3 fb	MD
238U	64Ni	302Ubn	2n (300Ubn)	0.5 fb	DNS
238U	64Ni	302Ubn	4n (298Ubn)	2 ab	DNS-AS
244Pu	58Fe	302Ubn	4n (298Ubn)	5 fb	MD
244Pu	58Fe	302Ubn	3n (299Ubn)	8 fb	DNS-AS
248Cm	54Cr	302Ubn	3n (299Ubn)	10 pb	DNS-AS
248Cm	54Cr	302Ubn	4n (298Ubn)	30 fb	MD
249Cf	50Ti	299Ubn	4n (295Ubn)	45 fb	MD
249Cf	50Ti	299Ubn	3n (296Ubn)	40 fb	MD
257Fm	48Ca	305Ubn	3n (302Ubn)	70 fb	DNS

See also

• Island of stability: flerovium–unbinilium–unbihexium
• Radium
• Barium

References

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