Income elasticity of demand

2013-12-17T05:18:15Z

182.186.34.62: /* Mathematical definition */

{{Noref|date=November 2009}}
In [[axiomatic set theory]], the '''axiom schema of predicative separation''', or of '''restricted''', or '''Δ<sub>0</sub>''' separation, is a [[schema (logic)|schema]] of [[axiom]]s which is a restriction of the usual [[axiom schema of separation]] in [[Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory]]. It only asserts the existence of a [[subset]] of a set if that subset can be defined without reference to the entire [[Von Neumann universe|universe]] of sets. The axiom appears in the systems of [[constructive set theory]] CST and CZF, as well as in the system of [[Kripke–Platek set theory]]. The name Δ<sub>0</sub> comes from the [[Levy hierarchy]] (in analogy with the [[arithmetic hierarchy]]).

The formal statement of this is the same as full separation schema, but with a restriction on the formulas that may be used. For any formula φ:

:<math>\forall x \; \exist y \; \forall z \; (z \in y \leftrightarrow z \in x \wedge \phi(z))</math>

provided, as usual, that the variable ''y'' is not free in φ; but also provided that φ contains only [[bounded quantifiers]]. That is, all quantifiers in φ (if there are any) must appear in the form <math>\exist x \in y \; \psi(x)</math> or <math>\forall x \in y \; \psi(x)</math> for some sub-formula ψ.

The meaning of this is that, given any set ''x'', and any predicate φ there is a set ''y'' whose elements are the elements of ''x'' which satisfy φ, provided φ only quantifies over existing sets, and never quantifies over all sets. This restriction is necessary from a [[impredicativity|predicative]] point of view, since the universe of all sets contains the set being defined. If it were referenced in the definition of the set, the definition would be circular.

Although the schema contains one axiom for each restricted formula φ, it is possible in CZF to replace this schema with a finite number of axioms.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

{{settheory-stub}}

[[Category:Constructivism (mathematics)]]
[[Category:Axioms of set theory]]

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Income elasticity of demand