86.150.120.59 at 12:51, 11 August 2014

2014-08-11T12:51:19Z

en>Bochoofd: pCO2 means: negative logarhytm of CO2. It should be PaCO2 which means partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood

2014-02-14T14:19:44Z

pCO2 means: negative logarhytm of CO2. It should be PaCO2 which means partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:19, 14 February 2014
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	~~'''Pauling's rules''' are five rules published by [[Linus Pauling]] in 1929 for determining the [[crystal structure]]s of complex [[ionic crystal]]s.<ref>{{cite journal~~		Hi there, I am Sophia. Doing ballet is something she would by no means give up. Invoicing is what I do. Mississippi is the only location I've been residing in but I will have to move in a year or two.<br><br>Check out my weblog; [http://www.taehyuna.net/xe/?document_srl=78721 clairvoyant psychic]
	\|last= \|first= \|authorlink= Pauling L \|coauthors= \|year= 1929\|month= \|title= The principles determining the structure of complex ionic crystals \|journal= J. Am. Chem. Soc.\|volume= 51 \|issue= 4 \|pages= 1010–1026 \|doi= 10.1021/ja01379a006 \|id= \|url= \|accessdate= \|quote=
	~~\|author= Pauling~~, ~~Linus }}</ref> An alternative usage of this phrase refers to rules used to predict the strengths of oxoacids.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Atkins\|first=P~~.~~W\|title=Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition\|year=2010\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-1-42-921820-7\|pages=125}}</ref>~~

	~~==First rule==~~
	~~A coordinated [[polyhedron]] of [[anion]]s~~ is ~~formed about each [[cation]], the cation-anion distance determined~~ by ~~the sum of [[ionic radius\|ionic radii]] and the [[coordination number]] (C~~.N.~~) by~~ the ~~radius ratio.~~

	~~The numbers~~ in ~~the table are mathematically derived ''minimum'' radius ratios for that geometry. An octahedron may form with a radius ratio greater than or equal~~ to ~~.414, but as the ratio rises above .732, a cubic conformation becomes more stable. These mathematically derived ratios are deviated from~~ in ~~practice; thus, octahedral salt structures with~~ a ~~radius ratio of less than .414~~ or more than .732 have been observed. If the radius ratio falls below the minimum calculated for ions modeled as spherical balls, it is presumed that the ions are compressed into oblong balls that are not perfect spheres.

	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~
	~~\|+ Examples of radius ratios and related polyhedra~~
	~~! Radius ratio !! C.N.!! polyhedron~~
	\|-
	~~\| .225 \|\| 4 \|\|[[tetrahedral molecular geometry\|tetrahedron]]~~
	\|-
	~~\| .414 \|\| 6 \|\|[[octahedral molecular geometry\|octahedron]]~~
	\|-
	~~\| .592\|\| 7 \|\|capped octahedron~~
	\|-
	~~\| .645 \|\| 8 \|\|[[square antiprism]] (anticube)~~
	\|-
	~~\| .732 \|\| 8 \|\|[[cube]]~~
	\|-
	~~\| .732 \|\| 9 \|\| [[triaugmented triangular prism]]~~
	\|-
	~~\| 1.00\|\| 12\|\| [[cuboctahedron]]~~
	\|}

	~~==Second rule: the electrostatic valence rule==~~
	~~An ionic structure will be stable to the extent that the sum of the strengths of the [[electrostatic bond]]s that reach an anion equal the [[electric charge\|charge]] on that anion.~~

	~~: i~~.~~e. A stable ionic structure must be arranged to preserve Local Electroneutrality.~~
	~~This is expressed mathematically as:~~
	:<~~math~~> ~~\xi = \sum_{i} s_i~~ <~~/math~~>
	~~:where <math> \xi </math> is the charge of the anion and the summation is over the adjacent cations.~~
	~~Some examples are~~:

	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~
	~~\|+ Cations with oxide O<sup>2<nowiki>−</nowiki></sup> ion~~
	~~! Cation !! Radius ratio\|\| CN \|\| Electrostatic bond strength~~
	\|-
	~~\| Li<sup>+<~~/~~sup> \|\| 0.34\|\|4\|\| 0.25~~
	\|-
	~~\| Mg<sup>2+<~~/~~sup> \|\| 0~~.~~47\|\|6\|\|0~~.33
	\|-
	~~\| Sc<sup>3+<~~/~~sup> \|\|0.60\|\| 6\|\|0.5~~
	\|}

	~~==Third rule==~~
	The sharing of edges and particularly faces by two anion polyhedra decreases the stability of an ionic structure. Sharing of corners does not decrease stability as much, so (for example) octahedra may share corners with one another.

	~~:Effect is largest for cations with high charge and low C.N. (especially when r+~~/~~r- approaches the lower limit of the polyhedral stability).~~

	~~==Fourth rule~~==
	~~In a [[crystal]] containing different cations, those of high [[valency (chemistry)\|valency]] and small coordination number tend not to share polyhedron elements with one another.~~

	~~==Fifth rule: the rule of parsimony==~~
	The number of essentially different kinds of constituents in a crystal tends to be small. The repeating units will tend to be identical because each atom in the structure is most stable in a specific environment. There may be two or three types of polyhedra, such as tetrahedra or octahedra, but there will not be many different types.

	~~== Alternative rules ==~~

	"Pauling's rules" can also refer to two rules used in predicting the strengths of oxoacids.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Atkins\|first=P.W\|title=Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition\|year=2010\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-1-42-921820-7\|pages=125}}</ref>

	~~1. For the oxoacid OpE(OH)q, pKa ≈ 8 – 5p.~~

	~~2. The successive pKa values of polyprotic acids (those with q > 1), increase by 5 units for~~
	~~each successive proton transfer.~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~<references/>~~

	~~[[Category:Molecular geometry]]~~
	~~[[Category:Crystals]~~]

en>Yobot: WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes using AWB (9449)

2013-08-28T11:15:18Z

WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes using AWB (9449)

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en>Graham87: Reverted edits by 202.166.205.62 (talk) to last version by LaaknorBot

2012-07-13T02:01:11Z

Reverted edits by 202.166.205.62 (talk) to last version by LaaknorBot

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Base excess - Revision history

86.150.120.59 at 12:51, 11 August 2014

en>Bochoofd: pCO2 means: negative logarhytm of CO2. It should be PaCO2 which means partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood

en>Yobot: WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes using AWB (9449)

en>Graham87: Reverted edits by 202.166.205.62 (talk) to last version by LaaknorBot