Binary heap - Revision history

en>CiaPan at 06:50, 10 December 2014

2014-12-10T06:50:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:50, 10 December 2014
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	~~Standalone DVR~~ [http://~~www~~.~~pimpbiz.com~~/~~dtr/link.php~~?~~thumb_id=&tag_id~~=&c=~~amateur&url=http%3A//~~cctvdvrreviews.com ~~dvr cctv software for mac os x~~] ~~recorders~~ are ~~often employed for home and business home security camera installations~~. ~~Although DVR security cameras have integrated hi-tech~~ [http://~~kgy~~.~~fnmedia~~.~~kr/~~?~~document_srl~~=~~42589 features~~] ~~like motion video, pan, tilt, and zoom, the limits on their own flexibility become~~ [http://Www.~~Thomsonsav~~.Co.~~uk/wiki/The_Ultimate_Guide_To_Security_Camera_Surveillance_System obvious] when in [~~http://~~Kgy~~.~~fnmedia~~.~~kr/?document_srl=42589 comparison~~] ~~with IPTV~~.<br><br>In the ~~middle begin to introduce~~ the ~~fact that you just have~~ the ~~solutions~~. ~~Over~~ the ~~past nine years as~~ a ~~professional writer and published author~~, ~~I've gleaned lots~~ of ~~advice~~ to ~~live~~ by from ~~teachers, friends,~~ and ~~books~~. ~~Mac dvr [http~~:~~//wiki~~.~~wavespot~~.~~net/index~~.~~php/10_Ways_To_Immediately_Start_Selling_Samsung_Surveillance_Cameras viewer software]~~ for ~~cctv security~~ cameras ~~download perhaps [~~[http://~~Www~~.~~rusdoc~~.~~ru/go~~.~~php?http://cctvdvrreviews~~.~~com rusdoc~~.~~ru]] A good story writing tool must~~ be ~~so intuitive~~ that ~~it almost works on its own~~ and ~~allows~~ you to ~~definitely spend added time on writing and much less on looking to master the program program~~. ~~You're almost there~~, ~~simply a~~ ~~cctv~~ surveillance ~~system reviews~~ matter of ~~energy~~ before ~~you get to produce content on your blog~~.
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en>Trappist the monk: /* Insert */Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors (test) using AWB

2014-02-18T23:58:04Z

Insert: Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors (test) using AWB

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:58, 19 February 2014
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	~~{{Refimprove\|date~~=~~October 2007}}~~		Our aim is really a simply to direct you towards deciding which CCTV cameras matches your needs then supplying it for your requirements in a cost-effective package. Their DVRs will certainly record the movie and audio when there can be a mic either separately or inside the camera. Cctv dvr jual Some of the wireless CCTV cameras are of [http://Eu4Wiki.de/index.php?title=I_Don_t_Want_To_Spend_This_Much_Time_On_Dvr_Cctv_Software_Calculator._How_About_You water proof] that may hereupon, [http://www.wanktube43.com/dtr/link.php?thumb_id=e4701d603ea37605a4856c0c9c7311c5&tag_id=14&c=alien&url=http%3A//cctvdvrreviews.com www.wanktube43.com], work inside the water and rain.<br><br>

	~~'''Growth accounting''' is a procedure used in~~ [~~[economics]] to measure the contribution of different factors to [[economic growth]] and to indirectly compute the rate of technological progress, measured as a residual, in an economy~~. ~~This methodology was introduced by [[Robert Solow]] in 1957~~.~~<ref>{{cite journal \|first~~=~~Robert \|last~~=~~Solow \|year~~=~~1957 \|title~~=~~Technical change and the aggregate production function \|journal=[[Review of Economics and Statistics]] \|volume=39 \|issue=3 \|year=1957 \|pages=312–320 \|jstor=1926047 }}<~~/~~ref>~~		Standalone DVR [http://www.pimpbiz.com/dtr/link.php?thumb_id=&tag_id=&c=amateur&url=http%3A//cctvdvrreviews.com dvr cctv software for mac os x] recorders are often employed for home and business home security camera installations. Although DVR security cameras have integrated hi-tech [http://kgy.fnmedia.kr/?document_srl=42589 features] like motion video, pan, tilt, and zoom, the limits on their own flexibility become [http://Www.Thomsonsav.Co.uk/wiki/The_Ultimate_Guide_To_Security_Camera_Surveillance_System obvious] when in [http://Kgy.fnmedia.kr/?document_srl=42589 comparison] with IPTV.<br><br>In the middle begin to introduce the fact that you just have the solutions. Over the past nine years as a professional writer and published author, I've gleaned lots of advice to live by from teachers, friends, and books. Mac dvr [http://wiki.wavespot.net/index.php/10_Ways_To_Immediately_Start_Selling_Samsung_Surveillance_Cameras viewer software] for cctv security cameras download perhaps [[http://Www.rusdoc.ru/go.php?http://cctvdvrreviews.com rusdoc.ru]] A good story writing tool must be so intuitive that it almost works on its own and allows you to definitely spend added time on writing and much less on looking to master the program program. You're almost there, simply a cctv surveillance system reviews matter of energy before you get to produce content on your blog.

	~~Growth accounting decomposes the growth rate of economy's [[GDP\|total output~~]] into that which is due to increases in the amount of factors used—usually the increase in the amount of [[Capital (economics)\|capital]] and [[Labor force\|labor]]—and that which cannot be accounted for by observable changes in factor utilization. The unexplained part of growth in GDP is then taken to represent increases in productivity (getting more output with the same amounts of inputs) or a measure of broadly defined technological progress.

	The technique has been applied to virtually every economy in the world and a common finding is that observed levels of economic growth cannot be explained simply by changes in the stock of capital in the economy or population and ~~labor force growth rates~~. ~~Hence, technological progress plays a key role in the economic growth of nations, or the lack of it.~~

	~~==Example==~~
	[[~~Image~~:~~Growth accounting~~.~~JPG\|thumb\|Decomposing increase in output into that due to technology and that due to increase in capital (click to enlarge)~~]]
	As an abstract example consider an economy whose total output (GDP) grows at 3% per year. Over the same period its capital stock grows at 6% per year and its labor force by 1%. The contribution of the growth rate of capital to output is equal to that growth rate weighted by the share of capital in total output and the contribution of labor is given by the growth rate of labor weighted by labor's share in income. If capital's share in output is {{fraction\|1\|3}}, then labor's share is {{fraction\|2\|3}} (assuming these are the only two factors of production). This means that the portion of growth in output which is due to changes in factors is .06×({{fraction\|1\|3}})+.01×({{fraction\|2\|3}})=.027 or 2.7%. This means that there is still 0.3% of the growth in output that cannot be accounted for. This remainder is the increase in the productivity of factors that happened over the period, ~~or the measure of technological progress during this time.~~

	~~==Technical derivation==~~
	~~The total output of an economy is modeled as being produced by various factors of production~~, ~~with capital~~ and ~~Labor force being~~ the ~~primary ones in modern economies (although land and natural resources can also be included). This is usually captured by an aggregate~~ [~~[production function]]~~:

	~~<math>Y=F(A,K,L)<~~/~~math>~~

	where Y is total output, K is the stock of capital in the economy, L is the labor force (or population) and A is a "catch all" factor for technology, role of institutions and other relevant forces which measures how productively capital and labor are used in production.

	~~Standard assumptions on the form of the function F(~~.~~) is that it is increasing in K, L, A (if you increase productivity or you increase the amount of factors used you get more output) and that it is [[Homogeneous function\|homogeneous of degree one~~]~~], or~~ in ~~other words that there are~~ [~~[constant returns to scale]] (which means that if you double both K and L you get double the output)~~. ~~The assumption of constant returns to scale facilitates the assumption of [[perfect competition]] which in turn implies that factors get their marginal products:~~

	~~<math>{dY}~~/~~{dK}~~=~~MPK=r~~<~~/math~~>

	<~~math~~>~~{dY}/{dL}=MPL=w</math>~~

	~~where MPK denotes~~ the ~~extra units of output produced with an additional unit of capital and similarly, for MPL. Wages paid~~ to ~~labor are denoted by w and~~ the ~~rate of profit or~~ the ~~real interest rate is denoted by r~~. ~~Note that~~ the ~~assumption~~ of ~~[[perfect competition]] enables us~~ to ~~take prices as given. For simplicity we assume unit price (i.e. P =1)~~, ~~and thus quantities also represent values in all equations.~~

	~~If we totally differentiate the above production function we get;~~

	~~<math>dY=F_A dA+F_K dK+F_L dL</math>~~

	~~where <math>F_i</math> denotes the partial derivative with respect to factor i~~, ~~or for the case of capital~~ and ~~labor, the marginal products~~. ~~With perfect competition this equation becomes~~:

	~~<math>dY=F_A dA+MPK dK+MPL dL=F_A dA+r dK+w dL<~~/~~math>~~

	~~If we divide through by Y and convert each change into growth rates we get:~~

	~~<math>{dY}~~/~~{Y}=({F_A}A~~/~~{Y})({dA}~~/~~{A})+(r{K}/{Y})({dK}/{K})+(w{L}/{Y})({dL}/{L})</math>~~

	~~or denoting a growth rate (percentage change over time) of a factor as <math>g_i={di}/{i}</math> we get~~:

	~~<math>g_Y=({F_A}A~~/~~{Y})g_A+({rK}~~/~~{Y})g_K+({wL}/{Y})*g_L</math>~~

	Then <math>{rK}/{Y}</math> is the share of total income that goes to capital, which can be denoted as <math>\alpha</math> and <math>{wL}/{Y}</math> is the share of total income that goes to labor, denoted by <math>1-\alpha</~~math>~~. ~~This allows us to express the above equation as~~:

	~~<math>g_Y={F_A}A~~/~~{Y}g_A+\alphag_K+(1-\alpha)*g_L<~~/~~math>~~

	~~In principle the terms <math>\alpha</math>, <math>g_Y</math>, <math>g_K</math> and <math>g_L</math> are all observable and can be measured using standard [[National accounts\|national income accounting~~]] ~~methods (with capital stock being measured using investment rates via the [[Capital formation#Perpetual_Inventory_Method\|perpetual inventory method]]). The term <math>\frac {F_A~~ A~~} {Y}*g_A</math> however is not directly observable as~~ it ~~captures technological growth~~ and ~~improvement in productivity that are unrelated~~ to ~~changes in use of factors. This term is usually referred~~ to ~~as [[Solow residual]] or [[Total factor productivity]] growth~~. ~~Slightly rearranging the previous equation we can measure this as that portion~~ of ~~increase in total output which is not due~~ to ~~the (weighted) growth of factor inputs:~~

	~~<math>Solow Residual = g_Y-\alphag_K-(1-\alpha)g_L</math>~~

	~~Another way to express the same idea is in per capita (or per worker) terms in which we subtract off the growth rate of labor force from both sides:~~

	~~<math>Solow Residual=g_{(Y/L)}-\alpha*g_{(K/L)}</math>~~

	~~which states that the rate of technological growth is that part of the growth rate of per capita income which is not due to the (weighted) growth rate of capital per person~~.

	~~==Notes and references==~~

	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~{{economics}}~~

	~~[[Category:Economic growth]]~~

en>BG19bot: WP:CHECKWIKI error fix for #61. Punctuation goes before References. Do general fixes if a problem exists. - using AWB (9890)

2014-02-02T07:45:00Z

WP:CHECKWIKI error fix for #61. Punctuation goes before References. Do general fixes if a problem exists. - using AWB (9890)

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:45, 2 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~There~~ is ~~nothing~~ to ~~tell about myself I think~~.<br>~~Great~~ to be a ~~part~~ of this ~~site~~.<br>~~I just hope I'm useful at~~ all<br><br>~~Also visit my web site~~: ~~[http~~://~~safedietplans~~.~~com~~/~~bmi~~-~~calculator bmi calculator men~~]		{{Refimprove\|date=October 2007}}

			'''Growth accounting''' is a procedure used in [[economics]] to measure the contribution of different factors to [[economic growth]] and to indirectly compute the rate of technological progress, measured as a residual, in an economy. This methodology was introduced by [[Robert Solow]] in 1957.<ref>{{cite journal \|first=Robert \|last=Solow \|year=1957 \|title=Technical change and the aggregate production function \|journal=[[Review of Economics and Statistics]] \|volume=39 \|issue=3 \|year=1957 \|pages=312–320 \|jstor=1926047 }}</ref>

			Growth accounting decomposes the growth rate of economy's [[GDP\|total output]] into that which is due to increases in the amount of factors used—usually the increase in the amount of [[Capital (economics)\|capital]] and [[Labor force\|labor]]—and that which cannot be accounted for by observable changes in factor utilization. The unexplained part of growth in GDP is then taken to represent increases in productivity (getting more output with the same amounts of inputs) or a measure of broadly defined technological progress.

			The technique has been applied to virtually every economy in the world and a common finding is that observed levels of economic growth cannot be explained simply by changes in the stock of capital in the economy or population and labor force growth rates. Hence, technological progress plays a key role in the economic growth of nations, or the lack of it.

			==Example==
			[[Image:Growth accounting.JPG\|thumb\|Decomposing increase in output into that due to technology and that due to increase in capital (click to enlarge)]]
			As an abstract example consider an economy whose total output (GDP) grows at 3% per year. Over the same period its capital stock grows at 6% per year and its labor force by 1%. The contribution of the growth rate of capital to output is equal to that growth rate weighted by the share of capital in total output and the contribution of labor is given by the growth rate of labor weighted by labor's share in income. If capital's share in output is {{fraction\|1\|3}}, then labor's share is {{fraction\|2\|3}} (assuming these are the only two factors of production). This means that the portion of growth in output which is due to changes in factors is .06×({{fraction\|1\|3}})+.01×({{fraction\|2\|3}})=.027 or 2.7%. This means that there is still 0.3% of the growth in output that cannot be accounted for. This remainder is the increase in the productivity of factors that happened over the period, or the measure of technological progress during this time.

			==Technical derivation==
			The total output of an economy is modeled as being produced by various factors of production, with capital and Labor force being the primary ones in modern economies (although land and natural resources can also be included). This is usually captured by an aggregate [[production function]]:

			<math>Y=F(A,K,L)</math>

			where Y is total output, K is the stock of capital in the economy, L is the labor force (or population) and A is a "catch all" factor for technology, role of institutions and other relevant forces which measures how productively capital and labor are used in production.

			Standard assumptions on the form of the function F(.) is that it is increasing in K, L, A (if you increase productivity or you increase the amount of factors used you get more output) and that it is [[Homogeneous function\|homogeneous of degree one]], or in other words that there are [[constant returns to scale]] (which means that if you double both K and L you get double the output). The assumption of constant returns to scale facilitates the assumption of [[perfect competition]] which in turn implies that factors get their marginal products:

			<math>{dY}/{dK}=MPK=r</math>

			<math>{dY}/{dL}=MPL=w</math>

			where MPK denotes the extra units of output produced with an additional unit of capital and similarly, for MPL. Wages paid to labor are denoted by w and the rate of profit or the real interest rate is denoted by r. Note that the assumption of [[perfect competition]] enables us to take prices as given. For simplicity we assume unit price (i.e. P =1), and thus quantities also represent values in all equations.

			If we totally differentiate the above production function we get;

			<math>dY=F_A dA+F_K dK+F_L dL</math>

			where <math>F_i</math> denotes the partial derivative with respect to factor i, or for the case of capital and labor, the marginal products. With perfect competition this equation becomes:

			<math>dY=F_A dA+MPK dK+MPL dL=F_A dA+r dK+w dL</math>

			If we divide through by Y and convert each change into growth rates we get:

			<math>{dY}/{Y}=({F_A}A/{Y})({dA}/{A})+(r{K}/{Y})({dK}/{K})+(w{L}/{Y})({dL}/{L})</math>

			or denoting a growth rate (percentage change over time) of a factor as <math>g_i={di}/{i}</math> we get:

			<math>g_Y=({F_A}A/{Y})g_A+({rK}/{Y})g_K+({wL}/{Y})*g_L</math>

			Then <math>{rK}/{Y}</math> is the share of total income that goes to capital, which can be denoted as <math>\alpha</math> and <math>{wL}/{Y}</math> is the share of total income that goes to labor, denoted by <math>1-\alpha</math>. This allows us to express the above equation as:

			<math>g_Y={F_A}A/{Y}g_A+\alphag_K+(1-\alpha)*g_L</math>

			In principle the terms <math>\alpha</math>, <math>g_Y</math>, <math>g_K</math> and <math>g_L</math> are all observable and can be measured using standard [[National accounts\|national income accounting]] methods (with capital stock being measured using investment rates via the [[Capital formation#Perpetual_Inventory_Method\|perpetual inventory method]]). The term <math>\frac {F_A A} {Y}*g_A</math> however is not directly observable as it captures technological growth and improvement in productivity that are unrelated to changes in use of factors. This term is usually referred to as [[Solow residual]] or [[Total factor productivity]] growth. Slightly rearranging the previous equation we can measure this as that portion of increase in total output which is not due to the (weighted) growth of factor inputs:

			<math>Solow Residual = g_Y-\alphag_K-(1-\alpha)g_L</math>

			Another way to express the same idea is in per capita (or per worker) terms in which we subtract off the growth rate of labor force from both sides:

			<math>Solow Residual=g_{(Y/L)}-\alpha*g_{(K/L)}</math>

			which states that the rate of technological growth is that part of the growth rate of per capita income which is not due to the (weighted) growth rate of capital per person.

			==Notes and references==

			{{reflist}}

			{{economics}}

			[[Category:Economic growth]]

en>Dfeuer: /* Insert */ s/amount/number/ for a count noun.

2012-08-19T09:05:29Z

Insert: s/amount/number/ for a count noun.

New page

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