en>Mirams: /* See also */ links to monodomain and bidomain models.

2014-11-15T17:19:35Z

See also: links to monodomain and bidomain models.

186.136.177.38: deleted non significant references (zero citations in the literature)

2014-02-21T21:05:35Z

deleted non significant references (zero citations in the literature)

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:05, 21 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{chembox~~		Claude is her name and she totally digs that name. Managing individuals is how she tends to make cash and she will not alter it anytime quickly. One of the things I adore most is greeting card gathering but I don't have the time lately. For years she's been living in Kansas.<br><br>My web blog: extended auto warranty; [http://dncengineering.co.za/UserProfile/tabid/184/userId/14975/Default.aspx visit the following post],
	~~\| Watchedfields = changed~~
	~~\| verifiedrevid = 470455131~~
	~~\| ImageFile = Gallium-trichloride-from-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png~~
	~~\| ImageSize =~~
	~~\| IUPACName =~~
	~~\| OtherNames = Gallium(III) chloride, Trichlorogallium, Trichlorogallane~~
	~~\| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers~~
	~~\| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite\|correct\|chemspider}}~~
	~~\| ChemSpiderID = 24229~~
	~~\| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite\|correct\|FDA}}~~
	~~\| UNII = 4Y6GQD4915~~
	~~\| InChI = 1/3ClH.Ga/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3~~
	~~\| SMILES = Cl[Ga](Cl)Cl~~
	~~\| InChIKey = UPWPDUACHOATKO-DFZHHIFOAO~~
	~~\| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite\|correct\|chemspider}}~~
	~~\| StdInChI = 1S/3ClH.Ga/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3~~
	~~\| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite\|correct\|chemspider}}~~
	~~\| StdInChIKey = UPWPDUACHOATKO-UHFFFAOYSA-K~~
	~~\| CASNo = 13450-90-3~~
	~~\| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite\|correct\|CAS}}~~
	~~\| PubChem = 26010~~
	~~\| RTECS = LW9100000~~
	}}
	~~\| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties~~
	~~\| Formula = GaCl<sub>3</sub>~~
	~~\| Appearance = colorless crystals <br> deliquescent~~
	~~\| Density = 2.47 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br/>2.053 g/cm<sup>3</sup> at melting point~~
	~~\| MeltingPt = 77.9 °C (anhydrous) <br> 44.4 °C (hydrate)~~
	~~\| BoilingPt = 201 °C~~
	~~\| Solubility = very soluble~~
	~~\| SolubleOther = soluble in [[benzene]], [[carbon tetrachloride\|CCl<sub>4</sub>]], [[carbon disulfide\|CS<sub>4</sub>]]~~
	}}
	~~\| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards~~
	~~\| EUIndex = Not listed~~
	~~\| MainHazards =~~
	~~\| FlashPt = Non-flammable~~
	~~\| RPhrases =~~
	~~\| SPhrases =~~
	~~\| NFPA-H = 3~~
	~~\| NFPA-F = 0~~
	~~\| NFPA-R = 1~~
	~~\| NFPA-O =~~
	~~\| LD50 = 4700 mg/kg (rat, oral)~~
	}}
	~~\| Section8 = {{Chembox Related~~
	~~\| OtherAnions = [[Gallium(III) fluoride]]<br/>[[Gallium(III) bromide]]<br/>[[Gallium(III) iodide]]~~
	~~\| OtherCations = [[Aluminium chloride]]<br/>[[Indium(III) chloride]]<br/>[[Thallium(III) chloride]]~~
	}}
	}}
	~~'''Gallium trichloride'''~~ is the [[chemical compound]] with the formula GaCl<sub>3</sub>. Solid gallium trichloride exists as a dimer with the formula Ga<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>.<ref>Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.</ref> It is colourless and ~~soluble in virtually all solvents, even alkanes, which is truly unusual for a metal halide~~. It is ~~the main precursor~~ to ~~most derivatives of [[gallium]]~~ and a reagent in [[organic synthesis]].<ref>Yamaguchi, M.; Shibasaki, M. Gallium Trichloride" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis 2005; John Wiley & Sons. {{DOI\|10.1002/047084289X.rn00118u}}</ref>

	As a [[Lewis acid]], GaCl<sub>3</sub> is milder than [[aluminium trichloride]]. Gallium(III) is easier to reduce than Al(III), so the chemistry of reduced gallium compounds is more extensive than for aluminium. Ga<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub> is known whereas the corresponding Al<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub> is not. ~~The coordination chemistry of Ga(III) and Fe(III) are similar, and gallium(III) compounds have been used as diamagnetic analogues of ferric compounds.~~

	~~==Preparation==~~
	~~Gallium trichloride can be prepared from the elements, heating [[gallium]] metal in a stream~~ of ~~[[chlorine]], and purifying~~ the ~~product by sublimation under vacuum.<ref>S.C. Wallwork~~ I~~.J.Worral J.Chem. Soc 1965,1816</ref><ref>Kovar, R. A. "Gallium Trichloride" Inorganic Syntheses, 1977, volume XVII, pp 167-172. ISBN 0-07-044327-0</ref>~~

	~~:2 Ga + 3 Cl<sub>2</sub> → 2 GaCl<sub>3</sub>~~

	~~It can also be prepared from the [[gallium oxide]] by heating with [[thionyl chloride]]:<ref>H.Hecht, G.Jander, H.Schlapmann Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. Vol.254, p.255 (1947)</ref>~~

	~~:Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 SOCl<sub>2</sub> → 2 GaCl<sub>3</sub> + 3 SO<sub>2</sub>~~

	~~==Structure==~~
	~~The dimeric structure involving two chlorine bridging atoms with the gallium atoms essentially tetrahedrally coordinated by chlorine~~ is ~~surprising, as the chlorides of~~ the two members of group 13 above and below gallium, [[aluminium trichloride\|AlCl<sub>3</sub>]] and [[indium trichloride\|InCl<sub>3</sub>]] both contain 6 coordinate metal atoms in a three dimensional structure. As a consequence of its structure where there are no significant lattice forces, gallium trichloride has the lowest melting point of all of the aluminium, gallium and indium trihalides. The formula of Ga<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub> is often written as Ga<sub>2</sub>(μ-Cl)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub>. In the gas phase the dimers dissociate to [[trigonal planar]] monomers.

	~~==Complexes==~~
	~~[[Gallium]] is the lightest member of Group 13 to have a full ''d'' shell, (gallium has the electronic configuration [[Argon\|Ar]] 3''d''10 4'~~'s~~''2 4''p''1) below the valence electrons that could take part~~ in ~~''d''-π bonding with ligands~~.
	~~The low oxidation state of Ga in Ga(III)Cl~~<~~sub~~>3<~~/sub~~>~~, along with the low~~ [[electronegativity]] and high [[polarisability]], allow Ga(III)Cl<sub>3</sub> to behave as a "Soft Acid" in terms of the [[HSAB theory]]. The strength of the bonds between gallium halides and ligands have been extensively studied. What emerges is:
	*GaCl<sub>3</sub> is a weaker [[Lewis acid]] than AlCl<sub>3</sub> towards N and O donors e.g. pyridine
	*GaCl<sub>3</~~sub> is a stronger [[Lewis acid]] than AlCl<sub>3<~~/~~sub> towards thioethers e~~.g. ~~[[dimethyl sulfide]], Me<sub>2</sub>S~~
	~~With a chloride ion as ligand the tetrahedral GaCl<sub>4<~~/~~sub><sup><nowiki>−<~~/~~nowiki><~~/~~sup> ion is produced, the 6 coordinate GaCl<sub>6<~~/~~sub><sup>3<nowiki>−<~~/~~nowiki><~~/~~sup> cannot be made~~. ~~Compounds like KGa<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>7</sub> that have a chloride bridged anion are known<ref>J H von Barner Inorg Chem 1985 24 1686</ref>~~
	~~In <!--"a liquid solution of" is misleading--> a molten mixture of KCl and GaCl<sub>3</sub>,~~ the following ~~equilibrium exists:~~
	:2 GaCl<sub>4</sub><sup><nowiki>−</nowiki></sup> <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math> Ga<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>7</sub><sup><nowiki>−</nowiki></sup> + Cl<sup><nowiki>−</nowiki></sup>

	~~==Use in detection of solar neutrinos==~~
	110 tons of gallium trichloride solution was used in the [[GALLEX]] experiment performed by [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]] in Italy to detect [[solar neutrino]]s. In this experiment, isotope [[germanium]]~~-71 was produced and its decay measured.<ref name="crchcp">David R. Lide, ed. ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition'', Internet Version 2005. CRC Press~~, ~~2005.</ref>~~

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[Gallium halides]]

	~~==References==~~
	*{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}
	*{{cite web \| url = http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ga/key.html \| work = WebElements Periodic Table \| title = Gallium}}
	~~<references />~~

	~~==External links==~~
	* {{cite web \| url = http://yosemite.epa.gov/oswer/ceppoehs.nsf/firstaid/13450-90-3?OpenDocument \| publisher = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] \| title = Emergency First Aid Treatment Guide - Gallium Trichloride}}

	~~{{Gallium compounds}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Gallium Trichloride}}~~
	~~[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]~~
	~~[[Category:Gallium compounds]]~~
	~~[[Category:Chlorides]]~~
	~~[[Category:Metal halides]]~~

en>Rjwilmsi: Journal cites, using AWB (9901)

2014-02-02T07:18:00Z

Journal cites, using AWB (9901)

Show changes

en>MagnInd: /* See also */ patch clamp

2012-08-04T21:14:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:05, 21 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~{{chembox~~		Claude is her name and she totally digs that name. Managing individuals is how she tends to make cash and she will not alter it anytime quickly. One of the things I adore most is greeting card gathering but I don't have the time lately. For years she's been living in Kansas.<br><br>My web blog: extended auto warranty; [http://dncengineering.co.za/UserProfile/tabid/184/userId/14975/Default.aspx visit the following post],
	~~\| Watchedfields = changed~~
	~~\| verifiedrevid = 470455131~~
	~~\| ImageFile = Gallium-trichloride-from-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png~~
	~~\| ImageSize =~~
	~~\| IUPACName =~~
	~~\| OtherNames = Gallium(III) chloride, Trichlorogallium, Trichlorogallane~~
	~~\| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers~~
	~~\| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite\|correct\|chemspider}}~~
	~~\| ChemSpiderID = 24229~~
	~~\| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite\|correct\|FDA}}~~
	~~\| UNII = 4Y6GQD4915~~
	~~\| InChI = 1/3ClH.Ga/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3~~
	~~\| SMILES = Cl[Ga](Cl)Cl~~
	~~\| InChIKey = UPWPDUACHOATKO-DFZHHIFOAO~~
	~~\| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite\|correct\|chemspider}}~~
	~~\| StdInChI = 1S/3ClH.Ga/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3~~
	~~\| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite\|correct\|chemspider}}~~
	~~\| StdInChIKey = UPWPDUACHOATKO-UHFFFAOYSA-K~~
	~~\| CASNo = 13450-90-3~~
	~~\| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite\|correct\|CAS}}~~
	~~\| PubChem = 26010~~
	~~\| RTECS = LW9100000~~
	}}
	~~\| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties~~
	~~\| Formula = GaCl<sub>3</sub>~~
	~~\| Appearance = colorless crystals <br> deliquescent~~
	~~\| Density = 2.47 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br/>2.053 g/cm<sup>3</sup> at melting point~~
	~~\| MeltingPt = 77.9 °C (anhydrous) <br> 44.4 °C (hydrate)~~
	~~\| BoilingPt = 201 °C~~
	~~\| Solubility = very soluble~~
	~~\| SolubleOther = soluble in [[benzene]], [[carbon tetrachloride\|CCl<sub>4</sub>]], [[carbon disulfide\|CS<sub>4</sub>]]~~
	}}
	~~\| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards~~
	~~\| EUIndex = Not listed~~
	~~\| MainHazards =~~
	~~\| FlashPt = Non-flammable~~
	~~\| RPhrases =~~
	~~\| SPhrases =~~
	~~\| NFPA-H = 3~~
	~~\| NFPA-F = 0~~
	~~\| NFPA-R = 1~~
	~~\| NFPA-O =~~
	~~\| LD50 = 4700 mg/kg (rat, oral)~~
	}}
	~~\| Section8 = {{Chembox Related~~
	~~\| OtherAnions = [[Gallium(III) fluoride]]<br/>[[Gallium(III) bromide]]<br/>[[Gallium(III) iodide]]~~
	~~\| OtherCations = [[Aluminium chloride]]<br/>[[Indium(III) chloride]]<br/>[[Thallium(III) chloride]]~~
	}}
	}}
	~~'''Gallium trichloride'''~~ is the [[chemical compound]] with the formula GaCl<sub>3</sub>. Solid gallium trichloride exists as a dimer with the formula Ga<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>.<ref>Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.</ref> It is colourless and ~~soluble in virtually all solvents, even alkanes, which is truly unusual for a metal halide~~. It is ~~the main precursor~~ to ~~most derivatives of [[gallium]]~~ and a reagent in [[organic synthesis]].<ref>Yamaguchi, M.; Shibasaki, M. Gallium Trichloride" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis 2005; John Wiley & Sons. {{DOI\|10.1002/047084289X.rn00118u}}</ref>

	As a [[Lewis acid]], GaCl<sub>3</sub> is milder than [[aluminium trichloride]]. Gallium(III) is easier to reduce than Al(III), so the chemistry of reduced gallium compounds is more extensive than for aluminium. Ga<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub> is known whereas the corresponding Al<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub> is not. ~~The coordination chemistry of Ga(III) and Fe(III) are similar, and gallium(III) compounds have been used as diamagnetic analogues of ferric compounds.~~

	~~==Preparation==~~
	~~Gallium trichloride can be prepared from the elements, heating [[gallium]] metal in a stream~~ of ~~[[chlorine]], and purifying~~ the ~~product by sublimation under vacuum.<ref>S.C. Wallwork~~ I~~.J.Worral J.Chem. Soc 1965,1816</ref><ref>Kovar, R. A. "Gallium Trichloride" Inorganic Syntheses, 1977, volume XVII, pp 167-172. ISBN 0-07-044327-0</ref>~~

	~~:2 Ga + 3 Cl<sub>2</sub> → 2 GaCl<sub>3</sub>~~

	~~It can also be prepared from the [[gallium oxide]] by heating with [[thionyl chloride]]:<ref>H.Hecht, G.Jander, H.Schlapmann Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. Vol.254, p.255 (1947)</ref>~~

	~~:Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 SOCl<sub>2</sub> → 2 GaCl<sub>3</sub> + 3 SO<sub>2</sub>~~

	~~==Structure==~~
	~~The dimeric structure involving two chlorine bridging atoms with the gallium atoms essentially tetrahedrally coordinated by chlorine~~ is ~~surprising, as the chlorides of~~ the two members of group 13 above and below gallium, [[aluminium trichloride\|AlCl<sub>3</sub>]] and [[indium trichloride\|InCl<sub>3</sub>]] both contain 6 coordinate metal atoms in a three dimensional structure. As a consequence of its structure where there are no significant lattice forces, gallium trichloride has the lowest melting point of all of the aluminium, gallium and indium trihalides. The formula of Ga<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub> is often written as Ga<sub>2</sub>(μ-Cl)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub>. In the gas phase the dimers dissociate to [[trigonal planar]] monomers.

	~~==Complexes==~~
	~~[[Gallium]] is the lightest member of Group 13 to have a full ''d'' shell, (gallium has the electronic configuration [[Argon\|Ar]] 3''d''10 4'~~'s~~''2 4''p''1) below the valence electrons that could take part~~ in ~~''d''-π bonding with ligands~~.
	~~The low oxidation state of Ga in Ga(III)Cl~~<~~sub~~>3<~~/sub~~>~~, along with the low~~ [[electronegativity]] and high [[polarisability]], allow Ga(III)Cl<sub>3</sub> to behave as a "Soft Acid" in terms of the [[HSAB theory]]. The strength of the bonds between gallium halides and ligands have been extensively studied. What emerges is:
	*GaCl<sub>3</sub> is a weaker [[Lewis acid]] than AlCl<sub>3</sub> towards N and O donors e.g. pyridine
	*GaCl<sub>3</~~sub> is a stronger [[Lewis acid]] than AlCl<sub>3<~~/~~sub> towards thioethers e~~.g. ~~[[dimethyl sulfide]], Me<sub>2</sub>S~~
	~~With a chloride ion as ligand the tetrahedral GaCl<sub>4<~~/~~sub><sup><nowiki>−<~~/~~nowiki><~~/~~sup> ion is produced, the 6 coordinate GaCl<sub>6<~~/~~sub><sup>3<nowiki>−<~~/~~nowiki><~~/~~sup> cannot be made~~. ~~Compounds like KGa<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>7</sub> that have a chloride bridged anion are known<ref>J H von Barner Inorg Chem 1985 24 1686</ref>~~
	~~In <!--"a liquid solution of" is misleading--> a molten mixture of KCl and GaCl<sub>3</sub>,~~ the following ~~equilibrium exists:~~
	:2 GaCl<sub>4</sub><sup><nowiki>−</nowiki></sup> <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math> Ga<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>7</sub><sup><nowiki>−</nowiki></sup> + Cl<sup><nowiki>−</nowiki></sup>

	~~==Use in detection of solar neutrinos==~~
	110 tons of gallium trichloride solution was used in the [[GALLEX]] experiment performed by [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]] in Italy to detect [[solar neutrino]]s. In this experiment, isotope [[germanium]]~~-71 was produced and its decay measured.<ref name="crchcp">David R. Lide, ed. ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition'', Internet Version 2005. CRC Press~~, ~~2005.</ref>~~

	~~==See also==~~
	*[[Gallium halides]]

	~~==References==~~
	*{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}
	*{{cite web \| url = http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ga/key.html \| work = WebElements Periodic Table \| title = Gallium}}
	~~<references />~~

	~~==External links==~~
	* {{cite web \| url = http://yosemite.epa.gov/oswer/ceppoehs.nsf/firstaid/13450-90-3?OpenDocument \| publisher = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] \| title = Emergency First Aid Treatment Guide - Gallium Trichloride}}

	~~{{Gallium compounds}}~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Gallium Trichloride}}~~
	~~[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]~~
	~~[[Category:Gallium compounds]]~~
	~~[[Category:Chlorides]]~~
	~~[[Category:Metal halides]]~~

Cable theory - Revision history

en>Mirams: /* See also */ links to monodomain and bidomain models.

186.136.177.38: deleted non significant references (zero citations in the literature)

en>Rjwilmsi: Journal cites, using AWB (9901)

en>MagnInd: /* See also */ patch clamp