Gravitational microlensing - Revision history

en>Trappist the monk: Remove unnecessary |display-author= parameters from CS1 templates; using AWB

2015-01-01T15:50:56Z

Remove unnecessary |display-author= parameters from CS1 templates; using AWB

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:50, 1 January 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Bryan is usually a superstar in the generating plus the job growth 1st second to his 3rd studio album, And , is the confirmation. He burst on the scene in 2002 regarding his amusing mix of downward~~-residence accessibility, film celebrity good appearance and words, is defined t inside a significant way. The latest recording Top in the region chart and #2 around the take charts, earning it the 2nd [http://~~www~~.~~ffpjp24~~.~~org~~ luke bryan concert ~~ticket~~] ~~highest debut~~ at ~~that time of 2010~~ for ~~any region performer~~. ~~<br><br>~~		Last week I woke up and realised - [http://lukebryantickets.pyhgy.com when is the luke bryan concert] I have been solitary for a little while at the moment and after much bullying from buddies I today find myself opted for online dating. They assured me that there are plenty of ordinary, sweet and enjoyable folks to meet, so the pitch is gone by here!<br>My family and buddies are awe-inspiring and spending some time with them at bar gigs or meals is always critical. I haven't ever been in to cabarets as I find you could [http://www.senatorwonderling.com Luke Bryan On Sale Dates] do not have a nice dialog with the noise. Additionally, I have 2 very cute and definitely cheeky canines that are constantly eager to meet up new individuals.<br>I make an effort to stay as physically fit as potential being at the fitness center several times weekly. [http://www.bing.com/search?q=I+enjoy&form=MSNNWS&mkt=en-us&pq=I+enjoy I enjoy] my sports and try to perform or see while many a potential. I'll often at Hawthorn fits being winter. Note: If you really contemplated purchasing a hobby I really do not brain, I have observed the carnage of wrestling matches at stocktake sales.<br><br><br><br>my weblog - cheap tickets for luke bryan ([http://lukebryantickets.iczmpbangladesh.org iczmpbangladesh.org])

	~~The child~~ of ~~any~~ , ~~is aware of patience~~ and ~~dedication are important elements with regards~~ to ~~an effective job- . His first album, Stay Me~~, ~~created~~ the ~~most notable hits “All~~ My ~~Girlfriends “Country~~ and ~~Say” Person,” while his hard work, Doin’ Point, identified the performer~~-~~3 directly No~~. ~~4 single people~~: ~~Else Contacting Is~~ a ~~Fantastic Thing~~.”<br>~~<br>Within~~ the ~~drop of 2011, Concert tour~~: ~~Luke Bryan~~ & ~~which in fact had~~ a ~~remarkable selection of , including Downtown~~. ~~“It’s much like~~ you ~~are acquiring a authorization to visit to~~ a ~~higher level~~, ~~states all those designers that~~ have ~~been an element of~~ the ~~Concert toursover in a larger sized degree~~ of ~~designers.” It packaged as one of the most successful trips in their 10-year history~~.<br><br>my ~~web~~-~~site [http://www.cinemaudiosociety.org~~ cheap tickets luke bryan~~] ::~~ [http://lukebryantickets.~~asiapak~~.~~net who is luke bryan on tour with~~]

en>WackyBoots2: /* Proposed satellite experiments */

2014-02-23T16:02:09Z

Proposed satellite experiments

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:02, 23 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~In [[nuclear physics]], an [[atomic nucleus]]~~ is ~~called~~ a ~~'''halo nucleus''' or~~ is ~~said to have a '''nuclear halo''' when it has a '''core nucleus''' surrounded by a '''halo''' of orbiting protons or neutrons~~. ~~The electrons then orbit the core nucleus much further away than~~ the ~~orbit~~ of ~~the halo nucleons~~. The ~~halo makes~~ the ~~nucleus radius appreciably larger than that predicted by~~ the ~~[[liquid drop model]]~~, ~~wherein~~ the ~~nucleus is assumed to be a sphere of constant density. One example is~~ [~~[isotopes_of_lithium \| <sup>11<~~/~~sup>Li]~~] ~~where the nuclear radius is about the size of~~ that of <~~sup~~>~~208~~<~~/sup~~>~~Pb.~~		Bryan is usually a superstar in the generating plus the job growth 1st second to his 3rd studio album, And , is the confirmation. He burst on the scene in 2002 regarding his amusing mix of downward-residence accessibility, film celebrity good appearance and words, is defined t inside a significant way. The latest recording Top in the region chart and #2 around the take charts, earning it the 2nd [http://www.ffpjp24.org luke bryan concert ticket] highest debut at that time of 2010 for any region performer. <br><br>

	~~For a nucleus~~ of ~~[[mass number]] A~~, ~~the radius r~~ is ~~(approximately)~~		The child of any , is aware of patience and dedication are important elements with regards to an effective job- . His first album, Stay Me, created the most notable hits “All My Girlfriends “Country and Say” Person,” while his hard work, Doin’ Point, identified the performer-3 directly No. 4 single people: Else Contacting Is a Fantastic Thing.”<br><br>Within the drop of 2011, Concert tour: Luke Bryan & which in fact had a remarkable selection of , including Downtown. “It’s much like you are acquiring a authorization to visit to a higher level, states all those designers that have been an element of the Concert toursover in a larger sized degree of designers.” It packaged as one of the most successful trips in their 10-year history.<br><br>my web-site [http://www.cinemaudiosociety.org cheap tickets luke bryan] :: [http://lukebryantickets.asiapak.net who is luke bryan on tour with]

	~~:<math>r = r_\circ A^{\frac{1}{3}},</math>~~

	~~where <math>r_\circ</math> is 1.2 [[femtometer\|fm]].~~

	~~Typically, an atomic nucleus is a tightly bound group~~ of ~~protons~~ and ~~neutrons~~. ~~However~~, ~~in some isotopes~~, ~~there is an overabundance of one species of nucleon. In some of these cases~~, ~~a nuclear core and a halo will form.~~

	~~Often~~, ~~this property may be detected in scattering experiments which show~~ the ~~nucleus to be much larger than the otherwise expected value~~. ~~Normally the cross section (corresponding to the classical radius) of the nucleus is proportional to the cube root of its mass. This is the same relation as would be seen with~~ a ~~solid sphere~~.

	~~One example of a halo nucleus is~~ <~~sup~~>11<~~/sup~~>~~[[Lithium#Isotopes\|Li]] which has a half life of 8.6 ms. It decays into <sup>11</sup>[[Beryllium#Isotopes\|Be]] by~~ the ~~emission~~ of an antineutrino and an electron. <ref>http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/iso003.html</ref> Its cross-section of 3.16 fm is close to that of <sup>32</sup>[[sulfur\|S]], or even more impressively that of <sup>208</sup>[[lead\|Pb]], ~~both much heavier nuclei.<ref>http~~:~~//cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29077</ref> It contains a core of 3 protons and 6 neutrons, and a halo of two independent and loosely bound neutrons.~~

	~~Nuclei~~ which ~~have~~ a '''neutron halo''' include <sup>11</sup>[[Beryllium#Isotopes\|Be]]<ref name="Krieger2012">{{cite journal\|last=Krieger\|first=A.\|coauthors=K. Blaum, M. L. Bissell, N. Frömmgen, Ch. Geppert, M. Hammen, K. Kreim, M. Kowalska, J. Krämer, T. Neff, R. Neugart, G. Neyens, W. Nörtershäuser, Ch. Novotny, R. Sánchez, D. T. Yordanov\|year=2012\|title=Nuclear Charge Radius of 12Be\|journal=Physical Review Letters\|volume=108\|issue=14\|issn=0031-9007\|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.142501}}</ref> and <sup>19</sup>[[Carbon#Isotopes\|C]]. A two-neutron halo is exhibited by <sup>6</sup>[[Helium#Isotopes\|He]], ~~<sup>11</sup>[[Lithium#Isotopes\|Li]], <sup>17</sup>[[Boron#Isotopes\|B]], <sup>19</sup>[[Boron#Isotopes\|B]] and <sup>22</sup>[[Carbon#Isotopes\|C]]~~. ~~Two-neutron halo nuclei break into three fragments and~~ are ~~called [[Borromean nucleus\|Borromean]] because of this behavior. <sup>8</sup>[[Helium#Isotopes\|He]] and <sup>14</sup>[[Beryllium#Isotopes\|Be]] both exhibit~~ a ~~four-neutron halo.~~

	~~Nuclei which have~~ a '''proton halo''' include <sup>8</sup>[[Boron#Isotopes\|B]] and <sup>26</sup>[[Phosphorus#Isotopes\|P]]. A two-proton halo is exhibited by <sup>17</sup>[[Neon#Isotopes\|Ne]] and <sup>27</sup>[[Sulfur#Isotopes\|S]]. Proton halos are expected to be more rare and unstable than the neutron examples, ~~because~~ of the ~~repulsive forces~~ of ~~the excess proton(s)~~.

	~~Halo nuclei form at the extreme edges~~ of the ~~[[chart of the nuclides]] — the [[neutron drip line]] and [[proton drip line]] — and have short half-lives, measured~~ in ~~milliseconds. These nuclei are studied shortly after~~ their ~~formation in an ion beam.~~

	~~Experimental confirmation of nuclear halos is recent and ongoing~~. ~~Additional candidates are suspected. Several nuclides have a halo in the [[excited state]] but not in the [[ground state]].~~

	~~==List of known isotopes with nuclear halo==~~
	~~{\|class="sortable wikitable" border="1" align="center"~~
	\|-
	~~! Atomic~~<br />~~number \|\| Name \|\| # of nuclear~~<br />~~halo isotopes \|\| Nuclear halo<br />isotopes \|\| Halo<br />composition~~
	\|- ~~style="background:{{element color\|Noble gases}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 2 \|\|~~[~~[helium]] \|\| 2 \|\| [[helium-6]]<br />[[helium-8]] \|\| 2 neutrons <br />4 neutrons~~
	~~\|- style="background~~:~~{{element color\|Alkali metals}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 3 \|\|[[lithium]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[lithium-11]] \|\| 2 neutrons~~
	~~\|- style="background:{{element color\|Alkaline earth metals}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 4 \|\|[[beryllium]] \|\| 2 \|\| [[beryllium-11]]<br~~ /~~>[[beryllium-14]] \|\| 1 neutron<br~~ /~~>4 neutrons~~
	~~\|- style="background:{{element color\|Metalloids}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 5 \|\|[[boron]] \|\| 3 \|\| [[boron-8]]<br />[[boron-17]]<br />[[boron-19]] \|\| 1 proton<br />2 neutrons<br />2 neutrons~~
	~~\|- style="background:{{element color\|Other nonmetals}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 6 \|\|[[carbon]] \|\| 2 \|\| [[carbon-19]~~]~~<br />[[carbon-22]] \|\| 1 neutron<br />2 neutrons~~
	~~\|- style="background~~:~~{{element color\|Noble gases}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 10 \|\|[[neon]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[neon-17]] \|\| 2 protons~~
	~~\|- style="background~~:~~{{element color\|Other nonmetals}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 15 \|\|[[phosphorus]] \|\| 1 \|\| [~~[~~phosphorus-26]] \|\| 1 proton~~
	~~\|- style="background:{{element color\|Other nonmetals}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 16 \|\|[[sulfur]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[sulfur-27]] \|\| 2 protons~~
	\|}

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist\|1}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	*http://~~arxiv~~.~~org/abs/0809~~.~~2607~~
	*http://www.uni-mainz.de/eng/13031.php
	*http://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0111001v2

	~~[[Category:Nuclear physics]~~]

en>Owlice1: /* History */ Moved paragraph

2014-01-28T11:42:59Z

History: Moved paragraph

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:42, 28 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Emilia Shryock~~ is ~~my title but you can contact me anything you like~~. One of the ~~issues she enjoys most~~ is to ~~do aerobics~~ and ~~now she~~ is ~~attempting~~ to ~~make money with it~~. ~~Her family members~~ lives in ~~Minnesota~~. ~~In her professional life she~~ is a ~~payroll clerk~~ but ~~she's usually needed her own business~~.<br><br>~~my webpage~~ - ~~diet meal delivery (~~[http://~~Linktasti~~.cc/~~healthyfooddelivery98296 you can try this out~~])		In [[nuclear physics]], an [[atomic nucleus]] is called a '''halo nucleus''' or is said to have a '''nuclear halo''' when it has a '''core nucleus''' surrounded by a '''halo''' of orbiting protons or neutrons. The electrons then orbit the core nucleus much further away than the orbit of the halo nucleons. The halo makes the nucleus radius appreciably larger than that predicted by the [[liquid drop model]], wherein the nucleus is assumed to be a sphere of constant density. One example is [[isotopes_of_lithium \| <sup>11</sup>Li]] where the nuclear radius is about the size of that of <sup>208</sup>Pb.

			For a nucleus of [[mass number]] A, the radius r is (approximately)

			:<math>r = r_\circ A^{\frac{1}{3}},</math>

			where <math>r_\circ</math> is 1.2 [[femtometer\|fm]].

			Typically, an atomic nucleus is a tightly bound group of protons and neutrons. However, in some isotopes, there is an overabundance of one species of nucleon. In some of these cases, a nuclear core and a halo will form.

			Often, this property may be detected in scattering experiments which show the nucleus to be much larger than the otherwise expected value. Normally the cross section (corresponding to the classical radius) of the nucleus is proportional to the cube root of its mass. This is the same relation as would be seen with a solid sphere.

			One example of a halo nucleus is <sup>11</sup>[[Lithium#Isotopes\|Li]] which has a half life of 8.6 ms. It decays into <sup>11</sup>[[Beryllium#Isotopes\|Be]] by the emission of an antineutrino and an electron. <ref>http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/iso003.html</ref> Its cross-section of 3.16 fm is close to that of <sup>32</sup>[[sulfur\|S]], or even more impressively that of <sup>208</sup>[[lead\|Pb]], both much heavier nuclei.<ref>http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29077</ref> It contains a core of 3 protons and 6 neutrons, and a halo of two independent and loosely bound neutrons.

			Nuclei which have a '''neutron halo''' include <sup>11</sup>[[Beryllium#Isotopes\|Be]]<ref name="Krieger2012">{{cite journal\|last=Krieger\|first=A.\|coauthors=K. Blaum, M. L. Bissell, N. Frömmgen, Ch. Geppert, M. Hammen, K. Kreim, M. Kowalska, J. Krämer, T. Neff, R. Neugart, G. Neyens, W. Nörtershäuser, Ch. Novotny, R. Sánchez, D. T. Yordanov\|year=2012\|title=Nuclear Charge Radius of 12Be\|journal=Physical Review Letters\|volume=108\|issue=14\|issn=0031-9007\|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.142501}}</ref> and <sup>19</sup>[[Carbon#Isotopes\|C]]. A two-neutron halo is exhibited by <sup>6</sup>[[Helium#Isotopes\|He]], <sup>11</sup>[[Lithium#Isotopes\|Li]], <sup>17</sup>[[Boron#Isotopes\|B]], <sup>19</sup>[[Boron#Isotopes\|B]] and <sup>22</sup>[[Carbon#Isotopes\|C]]. Two-neutron halo nuclei break into three fragments and are called [[Borromean nucleus\|Borromean]] because of this behavior. <sup>8</sup>[[Helium#Isotopes\|He]] and <sup>14</sup>[[Beryllium#Isotopes\|Be]] both exhibit a four-neutron halo.

			Nuclei which have a '''proton halo''' include <sup>8</sup>[[Boron#Isotopes\|B]] and <sup>26</sup>[[Phosphorus#Isotopes\|P]]. A two-proton halo is exhibited by <sup>17</sup>[[Neon#Isotopes\|Ne]] and <sup>27</sup>[[Sulfur#Isotopes\|S]]. Proton halos are expected to be more rare and unstable than the neutron examples, because of the repulsive forces of the excess proton(s).

			Halo nuclei form at the extreme edges of the [[chart of the nuclides]] — the [[neutron drip line]] and [[proton drip line]] — and have short half-lives, measured in milliseconds. These nuclei are studied shortly after their formation in an ion beam.

			Experimental confirmation of nuclear halos is recent and ongoing. Additional candidates are suspected. Several nuclides have a halo in the [[excited state]] but not in the [[ground state]].

			==List of known isotopes with nuclear halo==
			{\|class="sortable wikitable" border="1" align="center"
			\|-
			! Atomic<br />number \|\| Name \|\| # of nuclear<br />halo isotopes \|\| Nuclear halo<br />isotopes \|\| Halo<br />composition
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Noble gases}}" align="center"
			\| 2 \|\|[[helium]] \|\| 2 \|\| [[helium-6]]<br />[[helium-8]] \|\| 2 neutrons <br />4 neutrons
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Alkali metals}}" align="center"
			\| 3 \|\|[[lithium]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[lithium-11]] \|\| 2 neutrons
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Alkaline earth metals}}" align="center"
			\| 4 \|\|[[beryllium]] \|\| 2 \|\| [[beryllium-11]]<br />[[beryllium-14]] \|\| 1 neutron<br />4 neutrons
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Metalloids}}" align="center"
			\| 5 \|\|[[boron]] \|\| 3 \|\| [[boron-8]]<br />[[boron-17]]<br />[[boron-19]] \|\| 1 proton<br />2 neutrons<br />2 neutrons
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Other nonmetals}}" align="center"
			\| 6 \|\|[[carbon]] \|\| 2 \|\| [[carbon-19]]<br />[[carbon-22]] \|\| 1 neutron<br />2 neutrons
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Noble gases}}" align="center"
			\| 10 \|\|[[neon]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[neon-17]] \|\| 2 protons
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Other nonmetals}}" align="center"
			\| 15 \|\|[[phosphorus]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[phosphorus-26]] \|\| 1 proton
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Other nonmetals}}" align="center"
			\| 16 \|\|[[sulfur]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[sulfur-27]] \|\| 2 protons
			\|}

			==References==
			{{reflist\|1}}

			==External links==
			*http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.2607
			*http://www.uni-mainz.de/eng/13031.php
			*http://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0111001v2

			[[Category:Nuclear physics]]

en>Rjwilmsi: fix journal name using AWB (8087)

2012-07-14T07:51:50Z

fix journal name using AWB (8087)

New page

Emilia Shryock is my title but you can contact me anything you like. One of the issues she enjoys most is to do aerobics and now she is attempting to make money with it. Her family members lives in Minnesota. In her professional life she is a payroll clerk but she's usually needed her own business.<br><br>my webpage - diet meal delivery ([http://Linktasti.cc/healthyfooddelivery98296 you can try this out])

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:02, 23 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~In [[nuclear physics]], an [[atomic nucleus]]~~ is ~~called~~ a ~~'''halo nucleus''' or~~ is ~~said to have a '''nuclear halo''' when it has a '''core nucleus''' surrounded by a '''halo''' of orbiting protons or neutrons~~. ~~The electrons then orbit the core nucleus much further away than~~ the ~~orbit~~ of ~~the halo nucleons~~. The ~~halo makes~~ the ~~nucleus radius appreciably larger than that predicted by~~ the ~~[[liquid drop model]]~~, ~~wherein~~ the ~~nucleus is assumed to be a sphere of constant density. One example is~~ [~~[isotopes_of_lithium \| <sup>11<~~/~~sup>Li]~~] ~~where the nuclear radius is about the size of~~ that of <~~sup~~>~~208~~<~~/sup~~>~~Pb.~~		Bryan is usually a superstar in the generating plus the job growth 1st second to his 3rd studio album, And , is the confirmation. He burst on the scene in 2002 regarding his amusing mix of downward-residence accessibility, film celebrity good appearance and words, is defined t inside a significant way. The latest recording Top in the region chart and #2 around the take charts, earning it the 2nd [http://www.ffpjp24.org luke bryan concert ticket] highest debut at that time of 2010 for any region performer. <br><br>

	~~For a nucleus~~ of ~~[[mass number]] A~~, ~~the radius r~~ is ~~(approximately)~~		The child of any , is aware of patience and dedication are important elements with regards to an effective job- . His first album, Stay Me, created the most notable hits “All My Girlfriends “Country and Say” Person,” while his hard work, Doin’ Point, identified the performer-3 directly No. 4 single people: Else Contacting Is a Fantastic Thing.”<br><br>Within the drop of 2011, Concert tour: Luke Bryan & which in fact had a remarkable selection of , including Downtown. “It’s much like you are acquiring a authorization to visit to a higher level, states all those designers that have been an element of the Concert toursover in a larger sized degree of designers.” It packaged as one of the most successful trips in their 10-year history.<br><br>my web-site [http://www.cinemaudiosociety.org cheap tickets luke bryan] :: [http://lukebryantickets.asiapak.net who is luke bryan on tour with]

	~~:<math>r = r_\circ A^{\frac{1}{3}},</math>~~

	~~where <math>r_\circ</math> is 1.2 [[femtometer\|fm]].~~

	~~Typically, an atomic nucleus is a tightly bound group~~ of ~~protons~~ and ~~neutrons~~. ~~However~~, ~~in some isotopes~~, ~~there is an overabundance of one species of nucleon. In some of these cases~~, ~~a nuclear core and a halo will form.~~

	~~Often~~, ~~this property may be detected in scattering experiments which show~~ the ~~nucleus to be much larger than the otherwise expected value~~. ~~Normally the cross section (corresponding to the classical radius) of the nucleus is proportional to the cube root of its mass. This is the same relation as would be seen with~~ a ~~solid sphere~~.

	~~One example of a halo nucleus is~~ <~~sup~~>11<~~/sup~~>~~[[Lithium#Isotopes\|Li]] which has a half life of 8.6 ms. It decays into <sup>11</sup>[[Beryllium#Isotopes\|Be]] by~~ the ~~emission~~ of an antineutrino and an electron. <ref>http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/iso003.html</ref> Its cross-section of 3.16 fm is close to that of <sup>32</sup>[[sulfur\|S]], or even more impressively that of <sup>208</sup>[[lead\|Pb]], ~~both much heavier nuclei.<ref>http~~:~~//cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29077</ref> It contains a core of 3 protons and 6 neutrons, and a halo of two independent and loosely bound neutrons.~~

	~~Nuclei~~ which ~~have~~ a '''neutron halo''' include <sup>11</sup>[[Beryllium#Isotopes\|Be]]<ref name="Krieger2012">{{cite journal\|last=Krieger\|first=A.\|coauthors=K. Blaum, M. L. Bissell, N. Frömmgen, Ch. Geppert, M. Hammen, K. Kreim, M. Kowalska, J. Krämer, T. Neff, R. Neugart, G. Neyens, W. Nörtershäuser, Ch. Novotny, R. Sánchez, D. T. Yordanov\|year=2012\|title=Nuclear Charge Radius of 12Be\|journal=Physical Review Letters\|volume=108\|issue=14\|issn=0031-9007\|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.142501}}</ref> and <sup>19</sup>[[Carbon#Isotopes\|C]]. A two-neutron halo is exhibited by <sup>6</sup>[[Helium#Isotopes\|He]], ~~<sup>11</sup>[[Lithium#Isotopes\|Li]], <sup>17</sup>[[Boron#Isotopes\|B]], <sup>19</sup>[[Boron#Isotopes\|B]] and <sup>22</sup>[[Carbon#Isotopes\|C]]~~. ~~Two-neutron halo nuclei break into three fragments and~~ are ~~called [[Borromean nucleus\|Borromean]] because of this behavior. <sup>8</sup>[[Helium#Isotopes\|He]] and <sup>14</sup>[[Beryllium#Isotopes\|Be]] both exhibit~~ a ~~four-neutron halo.~~

	~~Nuclei which have~~ a '''proton halo''' include <sup>8</sup>[[Boron#Isotopes\|B]] and <sup>26</sup>[[Phosphorus#Isotopes\|P]]. A two-proton halo is exhibited by <sup>17</sup>[[Neon#Isotopes\|Ne]] and <sup>27</sup>[[Sulfur#Isotopes\|S]]. Proton halos are expected to be more rare and unstable than the neutron examples, ~~because~~ of the ~~repulsive forces~~ of ~~the excess proton(s)~~.

	~~Halo nuclei form at the extreme edges~~ of the ~~[[chart of the nuclides]] — the [[neutron drip line]] and [[proton drip line]] — and have short half-lives, measured~~ in ~~milliseconds. These nuclei are studied shortly after~~ their ~~formation in an ion beam.~~

	~~Experimental confirmation of nuclear halos is recent and ongoing~~. ~~Additional candidates are suspected. Several nuclides have a halo in the [[excited state]] but not in the [[ground state]].~~

	~~==List of known isotopes with nuclear halo==~~
	~~{\|class="sortable wikitable" border="1" align="center"~~
	\|-
	~~! Atomic~~<br />~~number \|\| Name \|\| # of nuclear~~<br />~~halo isotopes \|\| Nuclear halo<br />isotopes \|\| Halo<br />composition~~
	\|- ~~style="background:{{element color\|Noble gases}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 2 \|\|~~[~~[helium]] \|\| 2 \|\| [[helium-6]]<br />[[helium-8]] \|\| 2 neutrons <br />4 neutrons~~
	~~\|- style="background~~:~~{{element color\|Alkali metals}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 3 \|\|[[lithium]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[lithium-11]] \|\| 2 neutrons~~
	~~\|- style="background:{{element color\|Alkaline earth metals}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 4 \|\|[[beryllium]] \|\| 2 \|\| [[beryllium-11]]<br~~ /~~>[[beryllium-14]] \|\| 1 neutron<br~~ /~~>4 neutrons~~
	~~\|- style="background:{{element color\|Metalloids}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 5 \|\|[[boron]] \|\| 3 \|\| [[boron-8]]<br />[[boron-17]]<br />[[boron-19]] \|\| 1 proton<br />2 neutrons<br />2 neutrons~~
	~~\|- style="background:{{element color\|Other nonmetals}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 6 \|\|[[carbon]] \|\| 2 \|\| [[carbon-19]~~]~~<br />[[carbon-22]] \|\| 1 neutron<br />2 neutrons~~
	~~\|- style="background~~:~~{{element color\|Noble gases}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 10 \|\|[[neon]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[neon-17]] \|\| 2 protons~~
	~~\|- style="background~~:~~{{element color\|Other nonmetals}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 15 \|\|[[phosphorus]] \|\| 1 \|\| [~~[~~phosphorus-26]] \|\| 1 proton~~
	~~\|- style="background:{{element color\|Other nonmetals}}" align="center"~~
	~~\| 16 \|\|[[sulfur]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[sulfur-27]] \|\| 2 protons~~
	\|}

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist\|1}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	*http://~~arxiv~~.~~org/abs/0809~~.~~2607~~
	*http://www.uni-mainz.de/eng/13031.php
	*http://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0111001v2

	~~[[Category:Nuclear physics]~~]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:42, 28 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Emilia Shryock~~ is ~~my title but you can contact me anything you like~~. One of the ~~issues she enjoys most~~ is to ~~do aerobics~~ and ~~now she~~ is ~~attempting~~ to ~~make money with it~~. ~~Her family members~~ lives in ~~Minnesota~~. ~~In her professional life she~~ is a ~~payroll clerk~~ but ~~she's usually needed her own business~~.<br><br>~~my webpage~~ - ~~diet meal delivery (~~[http://~~Linktasti~~.cc/~~healthyfooddelivery98296 you can try this out~~])		In [[nuclear physics]], an [[atomic nucleus]] is called a '''halo nucleus''' or is said to have a '''nuclear halo''' when it has a '''core nucleus''' surrounded by a '''halo''' of orbiting protons or neutrons. The electrons then orbit the core nucleus much further away than the orbit of the halo nucleons. The halo makes the nucleus radius appreciably larger than that predicted by the [[liquid drop model]], wherein the nucleus is assumed to be a sphere of constant density. One example is [[isotopes_of_lithium \| <sup>11</sup>Li]] where the nuclear radius is about the size of that of <sup>208</sup>Pb.

			For a nucleus of [[mass number]] A, the radius r is (approximately)

			:<math>r = r_\circ A^{\frac{1}{3}},</math>

			where <math>r_\circ</math> is 1.2 [[femtometer\|fm]].

			Typically, an atomic nucleus is a tightly bound group of protons and neutrons. However, in some isotopes, there is an overabundance of one species of nucleon. In some of these cases, a nuclear core and a halo will form.

			Often, this property may be detected in scattering experiments which show the nucleus to be much larger than the otherwise expected value. Normally the cross section (corresponding to the classical radius) of the nucleus is proportional to the cube root of its mass. This is the same relation as would be seen with a solid sphere.

			One example of a halo nucleus is <sup>11</sup>[[Lithium#Isotopes\|Li]] which has a half life of 8.6 ms. It decays into <sup>11</sup>[[Beryllium#Isotopes\|Be]] by the emission of an antineutrino and an electron. <ref>http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/iso003.html</ref> Its cross-section of 3.16 fm is close to that of <sup>32</sup>[[sulfur\|S]], or even more impressively that of <sup>208</sup>[[lead\|Pb]], both much heavier nuclei.<ref>http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29077</ref> It contains a core of 3 protons and 6 neutrons, and a halo of two independent and loosely bound neutrons.

			Nuclei which have a '''neutron halo''' include <sup>11</sup>[[Beryllium#Isotopes\|Be]]<ref name="Krieger2012">{{cite journal\|last=Krieger\|first=A.\|coauthors=K. Blaum, M. L. Bissell, N. Frömmgen, Ch. Geppert, M. Hammen, K. Kreim, M. Kowalska, J. Krämer, T. Neff, R. Neugart, G. Neyens, W. Nörtershäuser, Ch. Novotny, R. Sánchez, D. T. Yordanov\|year=2012\|title=Nuclear Charge Radius of 12Be\|journal=Physical Review Letters\|volume=108\|issue=14\|issn=0031-9007\|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.142501}}</ref> and <sup>19</sup>[[Carbon#Isotopes\|C]]. A two-neutron halo is exhibited by <sup>6</sup>[[Helium#Isotopes\|He]], <sup>11</sup>[[Lithium#Isotopes\|Li]], <sup>17</sup>[[Boron#Isotopes\|B]], <sup>19</sup>[[Boron#Isotopes\|B]] and <sup>22</sup>[[Carbon#Isotopes\|C]]. Two-neutron halo nuclei break into three fragments and are called [[Borromean nucleus\|Borromean]] because of this behavior. <sup>8</sup>[[Helium#Isotopes\|He]] and <sup>14</sup>[[Beryllium#Isotopes\|Be]] both exhibit a four-neutron halo.

			Nuclei which have a '''proton halo''' include <sup>8</sup>[[Boron#Isotopes\|B]] and <sup>26</sup>[[Phosphorus#Isotopes\|P]]. A two-proton halo is exhibited by <sup>17</sup>[[Neon#Isotopes\|Ne]] and <sup>27</sup>[[Sulfur#Isotopes\|S]]. Proton halos are expected to be more rare and unstable than the neutron examples, because of the repulsive forces of the excess proton(s).

			Halo nuclei form at the extreme edges of the [[chart of the nuclides]] — the [[neutron drip line]] and [[proton drip line]] — and have short half-lives, measured in milliseconds. These nuclei are studied shortly after their formation in an ion beam.

			Experimental confirmation of nuclear halos is recent and ongoing. Additional candidates are suspected. Several nuclides have a halo in the [[excited state]] but not in the [[ground state]].

			==List of known isotopes with nuclear halo==
			{\|class="sortable wikitable" border="1" align="center"
			\|-
			! Atomic<br />number \|\| Name \|\| # of nuclear<br />halo isotopes \|\| Nuclear halo<br />isotopes \|\| Halo<br />composition
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Noble gases}}" align="center"
			\| 2 \|\|[[helium]] \|\| 2 \|\| [[helium-6]]<br />[[helium-8]] \|\| 2 neutrons <br />4 neutrons
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Alkali metals}}" align="center"
			\| 3 \|\|[[lithium]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[lithium-11]] \|\| 2 neutrons
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Alkaline earth metals}}" align="center"
			\| 4 \|\|[[beryllium]] \|\| 2 \|\| [[beryllium-11]]<br />[[beryllium-14]] \|\| 1 neutron<br />4 neutrons
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Metalloids}}" align="center"
			\| 5 \|\|[[boron]] \|\| 3 \|\| [[boron-8]]<br />[[boron-17]]<br />[[boron-19]] \|\| 1 proton<br />2 neutrons<br />2 neutrons
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Other nonmetals}}" align="center"
			\| 6 \|\|[[carbon]] \|\| 2 \|\| [[carbon-19]]<br />[[carbon-22]] \|\| 1 neutron<br />2 neutrons
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Noble gases}}" align="center"
			\| 10 \|\|[[neon]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[neon-17]] \|\| 2 protons
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Other nonmetals}}" align="center"
			\| 15 \|\|[[phosphorus]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[phosphorus-26]] \|\| 1 proton
			\|- style="background:{{element color\|Other nonmetals}}" align="center"
			\| 16 \|\|[[sulfur]] \|\| 1 \|\| [[sulfur-27]] \|\| 2 protons
			\|}

			==References==
			{{reflist\|1}}

			==External links==
			*http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.2607
			*http://www.uni-mainz.de/eng/13031.php
			*http://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0111001v2

			[[Category:Nuclear physics]]