Single-index model - Revision history

24.131.80.54: edit

2014-09-28T21:03:25Z

edit

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:03, 28 September 2014
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	~~{{For\|wave drag on supersonic aircraft due to [[shock wave]]s\|wave drag}}~~		She is recognized by the name of Myrtle Shryock. I am a meter reader but I strategy on altering it. North Dakota is our birth location. Doing ceramics is what love performing.<br><br>Here is my website :: home std test kit - [http://premium.asslikethat.com/blog/9567 visit the following site],

	~~'''Wave-making resistance'''~~ is ~~a form of [[drag (physics)\|drag]] that affects surface watercraft, such as boats and ships, and reflects~~ the ~~energy required to push the water out~~ of ~~the way of the hull. This energy goes into creating the wave~~.

	~~==Physics==~~
	~~[[Image:HullSpeed.PNG\|thumb\|right\|150\|Graph of power versus speed for~~ a ~~displacement hull, with a mark at a [[speed–length ratio]] of 1.34]]~~
	~~For small [[displacement hull]]s, such as sailboats or rowboats, wave-making resistance is the major source of the [[Ship resistance and propulsion\|marine vessel drag]].~~

	~~A salient property of water waves is dispersiveness, i.e. the longer the wave, the faster~~ it moves. Waves generated by a ship are affected by her geometry and speed, and most of the energy given by the ship for making waves is transferred to water through the bow and stern parts. Simply speaking, these two wave systems, i.e. bow and stern waves interact with each other, and the resulting waves are responsible for the resistance.

	E.g., the phase speed of deepwater waves is proportional to the square root of the [[wavelength]] of the generated waves, and the length of a ship causes the difference in phases of waves generated by bow and stern parts. ~~Thus, there~~ is ~~a direct relationship between the waterline length (and thus wave propagation speed) and the magnitude of the wave-making resistance~~.

	A simple way of considering wave-making resistance is to look at the hull in relation to bow and stern waves. If the length of a ship is half the waves generated, the resulting wave will be very small due to cancellation, and if the length is ~~the same as the wavelength, the wave will be large due to enhancement~~.

	~~The phase speed~~ <~~math~~>c<~~/math~~> ~~of waves~~ is ~~given by the following formula~~:

	~~<math>c = \sqrt {\frac {g}{2 \pi} l }</math>~~

	~~where <math>l</math> is the length of the wave and <math>g</math> the gravitational acceleration. Substituting in the appropriate value for <math>g</math> yields the equation:~~

	~~<math> \mbox{c in knots} \approx 1.341 \times \sqrt{\mbox{length in ft}} \approx \frac {4}{3} \times \sqrt{\mbox{length in ft}}</math>~~

	~~Or, in [[metric system\|metric]] units~~:

	~~<math> \mbox{c in knots} \approx 2.429 \times \sqrt{\mbox{length in m}} \approx \sqrt{6 \times \mbox{length in m}} \approx 2.5 \times \sqrt{\mbox{length in m}}</math>~~

	These values, 1.34, 2.5 and very easy 6, are often used in the [[hull speed]] rule of thumb used to compare potential speeds of displacement hulls, and this relationship is also fundamental to the [[Froude number]], used in the comparison of different scales of watercraft.

	When the vessel exceeds a "[[speed–length ratio]]" (speed in knots divided by square root of length in feet) of 0.94, it starts to outrun most of its [[bow wave]], the hull actually settles slightly in the water as it is now only supported by two wave peaks. As the vessel exceeds a speed-length ratio of 1.34, the hull speed, the wavelength is now longer than the hull, and the stern is no longer supported by the wake, causing the stern to squat, and the bow rise. The hull is now starting to climb its own bow wave, and resistance begins to increase at a very high rate. While it is possible to drive a displacement hull faster than a speed-length ratio of 1.34, it is prohibitively expensive to do so. Most large vessels operate at speed-length ratios well below that level, at speed-length ratios of under 1.0.

	~~==Ways of reducing wave-making resistance==~~
	~~Since wave-making resistance is based on the energy required to push the water out of the way of the hull, there are a number of ways that this can be minimized.~~

	~~===Reduced displacement===~~
	Reducing the displacement of the craft, by eliminating excess weight, is the most straightforward way to reduce the wave making drag. Another way is to shape the hull so as to generate [[Lift (force)\|lift]] as it moves through the water. Semi-displacement hulls and [[planing (sailing)\|planing]] hulls do this, and they are able to break through the ''hull speed'' barrier and transition into a realm where drag increases at a much lower rate. The disadvantage of this is that planing is only practical on smaller vessels, with high power-to-weight ratios, such as motorboats. It is not a practical solution for a large vessel such as a [[supertanker]].

	~~===Fine entry===~~
	A hull with a blunt bow has to push the water away very quickly to pass through, and this high [[acceleration]] requires large amounts of energy. By using a ''fine'' bow, with a sharper angle that pushes the water out of the way more gradually, the amount of energy required to displace the water will be less, even though the same total amount of water will be displaced. A modern variation is the [[wave-piercing]] design.

	~~===Bulbous bow===~~
	~~{{main\|bulbous bow}}~~
	A special type of bow, called a ''bulbous bow'', is often used on large motor vessels to reduce wave making drag. The bulb alters the waves generated by the hull, but due to its very limited range of effect, is only useful on large motor vessels operating at constant speeds.

	~~==Semi-displacement and planing hulls==~~
	~~[[Image:Speed-length vs weight-resistance.gif\|thumb\|right\|300px\|A graph showing resistance–weight ratio as a function of speed–length ratio for displacement, semi-displacement, and planing hulls]]~~
	Since semi-displacement and planing hulls generate a significant amount of lift in operation, they are capable of breaking the barrier of the wave propagation speed and operating in realms of much lower drag, but to do this they must be capable of first pushing past that speed, which requires significant power. Once the hull gets ''over the hump'' of the bow wave, the rate of increase of the wave drag will start to reduce significantly.{{citation needed\|date=July 2012}}

	A qualitative interpretation of the wave resistance plot is that a displacement hull resonates with a wave that has a crest near its bow and a trough near its stern, because the water is pushed away at the bow and pulled back at the stern. A planing hull simply pushed down on the water under it, so it resonates with a wave that has a trough under it, which has about twice the length and therefore four times the speed.

	~~==See also==~~
	* [[Ship resistance and propulsion]]
	* [[Hull_(watercraft)#Categorisation]]
	* [[Hull speed]]

	~~==References==~~
	*[http://~~legacy~~.~~sname~~.~~org~~/~~newsletter~~/~~Savitskyreport.pdf On~~ the ~~subject of high speed monohulls~~], ~~Daniel Savitsky, Professor Emeritus, Davidson Laboratory, [[Stevens Institute of Technology]]~~

	~~[[Category:Fluid dynamics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Water waves]]~~
	~~[[Category:Naval architecture]]~~

en>ChrisGualtieri: Remove stub template(s). Page is start class or higher. Also check for and do General Fixes + Checkwiki fixes using AWB

2013-12-16T18:21:44Z

Remove stub template(s). Page is start class or higher. Also check for and do General Fixes + Checkwiki fixes using AWB

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:21, 16 December 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Let me first begin by introducing myself~~. ~~My title~~ is ~~Boyd Butts although~~ it is ~~not~~ the ~~name on my birth certification~~. ~~South Dakota~~ is ~~exactly where me~~ and ~~my husband live~~. ~~Doing ceramics~~ is ~~what love performing~~. ~~Hiring~~ is ~~his occupation~~.<br><br>~~Feel free~~ to ~~surf~~ to ~~my web blog; home std test~~ ([~~http://www~~.~~january~~-~~yjm~~.~~com/xe/index~~.~~php?mid~~=~~video&document_srl~~=~~182582 simply click www~~.~~january~~-~~yjm~~.~~com~~])		{{For\|wave drag on supersonic aircraft due to [[shock wave]]s\|wave drag}}

			'''Wave-making resistance''' is a form of [[drag (physics)\|drag]] that affects surface watercraft, such as boats and ships, and reflects the energy required to push the water out of the way of the hull. This energy goes into creating the wave.

			==Physics==
			[[Image:HullSpeed.PNG\|thumb\|right\|150\|Graph of power versus speed for a displacement hull, with a mark at a [[speed–length ratio]] of 1.34]]
			For small [[displacement hull]]s, such as sailboats or rowboats, wave-making resistance is the major source of the [[Ship resistance and propulsion\|marine vessel drag]].

			A salient property of water waves is dispersiveness, i.e. the longer the wave, the faster it moves. Waves generated by a ship are affected by her geometry and speed, and most of the energy given by the ship for making waves is transferred to water through the bow and stern parts. Simply speaking, these two wave systems, i.e. bow and stern waves interact with each other, and the resulting waves are responsible for the resistance.

			E.g., the phase speed of deepwater waves is proportional to the square root of the [[wavelength]] of the generated waves, and the length of a ship causes the difference in phases of waves generated by bow and stern parts. Thus, there is a direct relationship between the waterline length (and thus wave propagation speed) and the magnitude of the wave-making resistance.

			A simple way of considering wave-making resistance is to look at the hull in relation to bow and stern waves. If the length of a ship is half the waves generated, the resulting wave will be very small due to cancellation, and if the length is the same as the wavelength, the wave will be large due to enhancement.

			The phase speed <math>c</math> of waves is given by the following formula:

			<math>c = \sqrt {\frac {g}{2 \pi} l }</math>

			where <math>l</math> is the length of the wave and <math>g</math> the gravitational acceleration. Substituting in the appropriate value for <math>g</math> yields the equation:

			<math> \mbox{c in knots} \approx 1.341 \times \sqrt{\mbox{length in ft}} \approx \frac {4}{3} \times \sqrt{\mbox{length in ft}}</math>

			Or, in [[metric system\|metric]] units:

			<math> \mbox{c in knots} \approx 2.429 \times \sqrt{\mbox{length in m}} \approx \sqrt{6 \times \mbox{length in m}} \approx 2.5 \times \sqrt{\mbox{length in m}}</math>

			These values, 1.34, 2.5 and very easy 6, are often used in the [[hull speed]] rule of thumb used to compare potential speeds of displacement hulls, and this relationship is also fundamental to the [[Froude number]], used in the comparison of different scales of watercraft.

			When the vessel exceeds a "[[speed–length ratio]]" (speed in knots divided by square root of length in feet) of 0.94, it starts to outrun most of its [[bow wave]], the hull actually settles slightly in the water as it is now only supported by two wave peaks. As the vessel exceeds a speed-length ratio of 1.34, the hull speed, the wavelength is now longer than the hull, and the stern is no longer supported by the wake, causing the stern to squat, and the bow rise. The hull is now starting to climb its own bow wave, and resistance begins to increase at a very high rate. While it is possible to drive a displacement hull faster than a speed-length ratio of 1.34, it is prohibitively expensive to do so. Most large vessels operate at speed-length ratios well below that level, at speed-length ratios of under 1.0.

			==Ways of reducing wave-making resistance==
			Since wave-making resistance is based on the energy required to push the water out of the way of the hull, there are a number of ways that this can be minimized.

			===Reduced displacement===
			Reducing the displacement of the craft, by eliminating excess weight, is the most straightforward way to reduce the wave making drag. Another way is to shape the hull so as to generate [[Lift (force)\|lift]] as it moves through the water. Semi-displacement hulls and [[planing (sailing)\|planing]] hulls do this, and they are able to break through the ''hull speed'' barrier and transition into a realm where drag increases at a much lower rate. The disadvantage of this is that planing is only practical on smaller vessels, with high power-to-weight ratios, such as motorboats. It is not a practical solution for a large vessel such as a [[supertanker]].

			===Fine entry===
			A hull with a blunt bow has to push the water away very quickly to pass through, and this high [[acceleration]] requires large amounts of energy. By using a ''fine'' bow, with a sharper angle that pushes the water out of the way more gradually, the amount of energy required to displace the water will be less, even though the same total amount of water will be displaced. A modern variation is the [[wave-piercing]] design.

			===Bulbous bow===
			{{main\|bulbous bow}}
			A special type of bow, called a ''bulbous bow'', is often used on large motor vessels to reduce wave making drag. The bulb alters the waves generated by the hull, but due to its very limited range of effect, is only useful on large motor vessels operating at constant speeds.

			==Semi-displacement and planing hulls==
			[[Image:Speed-length vs weight-resistance.gif\|thumb\|right\|300px\|A graph showing resistance–weight ratio as a function of speed–length ratio for displacement, semi-displacement, and planing hulls]]
			Since semi-displacement and planing hulls generate a significant amount of lift in operation, they are capable of breaking the barrier of the wave propagation speed and operating in realms of much lower drag, but to do this they must be capable of first pushing past that speed, which requires significant power. Once the hull gets ''over the hump'' of the bow wave, the rate of increase of the wave drag will start to reduce significantly.{{citation needed\|date=July 2012}}

			A qualitative interpretation of the wave resistance plot is that a displacement hull resonates with a wave that has a crest near its bow and a trough near its stern, because the water is pushed away at the bow and pulled back at the stern. A planing hull simply pushed down on the water under it, so it resonates with a wave that has a trough under it, which has about twice the length and therefore four times the speed.

			==See also==
			* [[Ship resistance and propulsion]]
			* [[Hull_(watercraft)#Categorisation]]
			* [[Hull speed]]

			==References==
			*[http://legacy.sname.org/newsletter/Savitskyreport.pdf On the subject of high speed monohulls], Daniel Savitsky, Professor Emeritus, Davidson Laboratory, [[Stevens Institute of Technology]]

			[[Category:Fluid dynamics]]
			[[Category:Water waves]]
			[[Category:Naval architecture]]

en>Pkearney: /* References */

2012-08-14T12:46:50Z

References

New page

Let me first begin by introducing myself. My title is Boyd Butts although it is not the name on my birth certification. South Dakota is exactly where me and my husband live. Doing ceramics is what love performing. Hiring is his occupation.<br><br>Feel free to surf to my web blog; home std test ([http://www.january-yjm.com/xe/index.php?mid=video&document_srl=182582 simply click www.january-yjm.com])