Vector spherical harmonics

Dual impedance and dual network are terms used in electronic network analysis. The dual of an impedance $Z$ is its algebraic inverse $Z^{\prime }=\frac{1}{Z}$. Note that $Z$ and $Z^{\prime }$ are the duals of each other, that is, they are reciprocal. For this reason the dual impedance is also called the inverse impedance. The dual of a network of impedances is that network whose impedance is $Z^{\prime }$. In the case of a network with more than one port the impedance looking into each of the ports must simultaneously be dual.

Another way of stating this is that the dual of $Z$ is the admittance $Y=Z$.

This is consistent with the definition of dual as being that circuit whose voltages and currents are interchanged since $Z=\frac{V}{I}$ and $Z^{\prime }=\frac{1}{Z}=\frac{I}{V}$

Scaled and normalised duals

In a real design situation it is usually desired to find the dual of an impedance with respect to some nominal or characteristic impedance. To do this, Z and Z' are scaled to the nominal impedance Z₀ so that;

$\frac{Z^{\prime }}{Z_0}=\frac{Z_0}{Z}$

Z₀ is usually taken to be a purely real number R₀, so Z' is only changed by a real factor of R₀². In other words, the dual remains qualitatively the same circuit but all the component values must be scaled quantitively by R₀². The scaling factor R₀². has the dimensions of Ω². From this it follows that the constant 1 in the unscaled expression also needs to be assigned the dimensions Ω² in any dimensional analysis.

Duals of basic circuit elements

Element	Z	Dual	Z'
File:Dual Z 1.PNG Resistor R	$R$	File:Dual Z 2.PNG Conductor G = R	$\frac{1}{R}$
File:Dual Z 2.PNG Conductor G	$\frac{1}{G}$	File:Dual Z 1.PNG Resistor R = G	$G$
File:Dual Z 3.PNG Inductor L	$i\omega L$	File:Dual Z 4.PNG Capacitor C = L	$\frac{1}{i\omega L}$
File:Dual Z 4.PNG Capacitor C	$\frac{1}{i\omega C}$	File:Dual Z 3.PNG Inductor L = C	$i\omega C$
File:Dual Z 5.PNG Series impedances Z = Z1 + Z2	$Z_1+Z_2$	File:Dual Z 6.PNG Parallel admittances Y = Z1 + Z2	$\frac{1}{Z_1+Z_2}$
File:Dual Z 6.PNG Parallel impedances 1/Z = 1/Z1 + 1/Z2	$Z=\frac{Z_1{Z}_2}{Z_1+Z_2}$	File:Dual Z 5.PNG Series admittances 1/Y = 1/Z1 + 1/Z2	$\frac{1}{Z_1}+\frac{1}{Z_2}$
File:Dual Z 7.PNG Voltage generator V		File:Dual Z 8.PNG Current generator I = V
File:Dual Z 8.PNG Current generator I		File:Dual Z 7.PNG Voltage generator V = I

Graphical method

There is a graphical method of obtaining the dual of a network which is often easier to use than the mathematical expression for the impedance. Starting with a circuit diagram of the network in question, Z, the following steps are drawn on the diagram to produce Z' superimposed on top of Z. Typically, Z' will be drawn in a different colour to help distinguish it from the original, or, if using CAD, Z' can be drawn on a different layer.

1. A generator is connected to each port of the original network. The purpose of this step is to prevent the ports from being "lost" in the inversion process. This happens because a port left open circuit will transform into a short circuit and disappear.
2. A dot is drawn at the centre of each mesh of the network Z. These dots will become the circuit nodes of Z'.
3. A conductor is drawn which entirely encloses the network Z. This conductor also becomes a node of Z'.
4. For each circuit element of Z, its dual is drawn between the nodes in the centre of the meshes either side of Z. Where Z is on the edge of the network, one of these nodes will be the enclosing conductor from the previous step.

This completes the drawing of Z'. This method also serves to demonstrate that the dual of a mesh transforms into a node and the dual of a node transforms into a mesh. Two useful examples are given below, both to illustrate the process and to give some further examples of dual networks.

Example - star network

File:Graphic method 1.svg A star network of inductors, such as might be found on a three-phase transformer	File:Graphic method 2.svg Attaching generators to the three ports	File:Graphic method 3.svg Nodes of the dual network
File:Graphic method 4.svg Components of the dual network	File:Graphic method 5.svg The dual network with the original removed and slightly redrawn to make the topology clearer	File:Graphic method 6.svg The dual network with the notional generators removed

It is now clear that the dual of a star network of inductors is a delta network of capacitors. This dual circuit is not the same thing as a star-delta (Y-Δ) transformation. A Y-Δ transform results in an equivalent circuit, not a dual circuit.

Example - Cauer network

Filters designed using Cauer's topology of the first form are low-pass filters consisting of a ladder network of series inductors and shunt capacitors.

File:Graphic method 7.svg

A low-pass filter implemented in Cauer topology

File:Graphic method 8.svg

Attaching generators to the input and output ports

File:Graphic method 9.svg

Nodes of the dual network

File:Graphic method 10.svg

Components of the dual network

File:Graphic method 11.svg

The dual network with the original removed and slightly redrawn to make the topology clearer

It can now be seen that the dual of a Cauer low-pass filter is still a Cauer low-pass filter. It does not transform into a high-pass filter as might have been expected. Note, however, that the first element is now a shunt component instead of a series component.

See also

• Topology (electrical circuits)

References

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Bibliography

• Redifon Radio Diary, 1970, pp. 45–48, William Collins Sons & Co, 1969.
• Ghosh, Smarajit, Network Theory: Analysis and Synthesis, Prentice Hall of India
• Guillemin, Ernst A., Introductory Circuit Theory, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1953 Template:OCLC
• Suresh, Kumar K. S., "Introduction to network topology" chapter 11 in Electric Circuits And Networks, Pearson Education India, 2010 ISBN 81-317-5511-8.