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[[Image:Interval exchange.svg|thumb|right|Graph of interval exchange transformation (in black) with <math>\lambda = (1/15,2/15,3/15,4/15,5/15)</math> and <math>\pi=(3,5,2,4,1)</math>. In blue, the orbit generated starting from <math>1/2</math>.]] | |||
In [[mathematics]], an '''interval exchange transformation'''<ref>Michael Keane, ''Interval exchange transformations'', Mathematische Zeitschrift 141, 25 (1975), ''http://www.springerlink.com/content/q10w48161l15gg18/''</ref> is a kind of [[dynamical system]] that generalises [[circle rotation]]. The phase space consists of the [[unit interval]], and the transformation acts by cutting the interval into several subintervals, and then permuting these subintervals. | |||
==Formal definition== | |||
Let <math>n > 0</math> and let <math>\pi</math> be a [[permutation]] on <math>1, \dots, n</math>. Consider a [[Vector (geometric)|vector]] <math>\lambda = (\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n)</math> of positive real numbers (the widths of the subintervals), satisfying | |||
:<math>\sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i = 1.</math> | |||
Define a map <math>T_{\pi,\lambda}:[0,1]\rightarrow [0,1],</math> called the '''interval exchange transformation associated to the pair <math>(\pi,\lambda)</math>''' as follows. For <math>1 \leq i \leq n</math> let | |||
:<math>a_i = \sum_{1 \leq j < i} \lambda_j \quad \text{and} \quad a'_i = \sum_{1 \leq j < \pi(i)} \lambda_{\pi^{-1}(j)}.</math> | |||
Then for <math>x \in [0,1]</math>, define | |||
:<math> | |||
T_{\pi,\lambda}(x) = x - a_i + a'_i | |||
</math> | |||
if <math>x</math> lies in the subinterval <math>[a_i,a_i+\lambda_i)</math>. Thus <math>T_{\pi,\lambda}</math> acts on each subinterval of the form <math>[a_i,a_i+\lambda_i)</math> by a [[translation (geometry)|translation]], and it rearranges these subintervals so that the subinterval at position <math>i</math> is moved to position <math>\pi(i)</math>. | |||
==Properties== | |||
Any interval exchange transformation <math>T_{\pi,\lambda}</math> is a [[bijection]] of <math>[0,1]</math> to itself preserves the [[Lebesgue measure]]. It is continuous except at a finite number of points. | |||
The [[Inverse function|inverse]] of the interval exchange transformation <math>T_{\pi,\lambda}</math> is again an interval exchange transformation. In fact, it is the transformation <math>T_{\pi^{-1}, \lambda'}</math> where <math>\lambda'_i = \lambda_{\pi^{-1}(i)}</math> for all <math>1 \leq i \leq n</math>. | |||
If <math>n=2</math> and <math>\pi = (12)</math> (in [[cycle notation]]), and if we join up the ends of the interval to make a circle, then <math>T_{\pi,\lambda}</math> is just a circle rotation. The [[Weyl equidistribution theorem]] then asserts that if the length <math>\lambda_1</math> is [[irrational]], then <math>T_{\pi,\lambda}</math> is [[uniquely ergodic]]. Roughly speaking, this means that the orbits of points of <math>[0,1]</math> are uniformly evenly distributed. On the other hand, if <math>\lambda_1</math> is rational then each point of the interval is [[Frequency|periodic]], and the period is the denominator of <math>\lambda_1</math> (written in lowest terms). | |||
If <math>n>2</math>, and provided <math>\pi</math> satisfies certain non-degeneracy conditions (namely there is no integer <math>0 < k < n</math> such that <math>\pi(\{1,\dots,k\}) = \{1,\dots,k\}</math>), a deep theorem which was a conjecture of M.Keane and due independently to W.Veech <ref>William A. Veech, ''Gauss measures for transformations on the space of interval exchange maps'', Annals of Mathematics 115 (1982), ''http://www.jstor.org/stable/1971391''</ref> and to H.Masur <ref>Howard Masur, ''Interval Exchange Transformations and Measured Foliations'', Annals of Mathematics 115 (1982) ''http://www.jstor.org/stable/1971341''</ref> asserts that for [[almost all]] choices of <math>\lambda</math> in the unit simplex <math>\{(t_1, \dots, t_n) : \sum t_i = 1\}</math> the interval exchange transformation <math>T_{\pi,\lambda}</math> is again [[uniquely ergodic]]. However, for <math>n \geq 4</math> there also exist choices of <math>(\pi,\lambda)</math> so that <math>T_{\pi,\lambda}</math> is [[ergodic]] but not [[uniquely ergodic]]. Even in these cases, the number of ergodic [[Invariant (mathematics)|invariant]] [[measures]] of <math>T_{\pi,\lambda}</math> is finite, and is at most <math>n</math>. | |||
==Generalizations== | |||
Two and higher-dimensional generalizations include polygon exchanges, polyhedral exchanges and [[Piecewise isometry|Piecewise isometries]]<ref>[http://math.sfsu.edu/goetz/Research/graz/graz.pdf Piecewise isometries - an emerging area of dynamical systems], Arek Goetz</ref> | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
== References == | |||
* Artur Avila and Giovanni Forni, ''Weak mixing for interval exchange transformations and translation flows'', arXiv:math/0406326v1, ''http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DS/0406326'' | |||
{{Chaos theory}} | |||
[[Category:Chaotic maps]] |
Revision as of 17:17, 14 March 2013
In mathematics, an interval exchange transformation[1] is a kind of dynamical system that generalises circle rotation. The phase space consists of the unit interval, and the transformation acts by cutting the interval into several subintervals, and then permuting these subintervals.
Formal definition
Let and let be a permutation on . Consider a vector of positive real numbers (the widths of the subintervals), satisfying
Define a map called the interval exchange transformation associated to the pair as follows. For let
if lies in the subinterval . Thus acts on each subinterval of the form by a translation, and it rearranges these subintervals so that the subinterval at position is moved to position .
Properties
Any interval exchange transformation is a bijection of to itself preserves the Lebesgue measure. It is continuous except at a finite number of points.
The inverse of the interval exchange transformation is again an interval exchange transformation. In fact, it is the transformation where for all .
If and (in cycle notation), and if we join up the ends of the interval to make a circle, then is just a circle rotation. The Weyl equidistribution theorem then asserts that if the length is irrational, then is uniquely ergodic. Roughly speaking, this means that the orbits of points of are uniformly evenly distributed. On the other hand, if is rational then each point of the interval is periodic, and the period is the denominator of (written in lowest terms).
If , and provided satisfies certain non-degeneracy conditions (namely there is no integer such that ), a deep theorem which was a conjecture of M.Keane and due independently to W.Veech [2] and to H.Masur [3] asserts that for almost all choices of in the unit simplex the interval exchange transformation is again uniquely ergodic. However, for there also exist choices of so that is ergodic but not uniquely ergodic. Even in these cases, the number of ergodic invariant measures of is finite, and is at most .
Generalizations
Two and higher-dimensional generalizations include polygon exchanges, polyhedral exchanges and Piecewise isometries[4]
Notes
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References
- Artur Avila and Giovanni Forni, Weak mixing for interval exchange transformations and translation flows, arXiv:math/0406326v1, http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DS/0406326
- ↑ Michael Keane, Interval exchange transformations, Mathematische Zeitschrift 141, 25 (1975), http://www.springerlink.com/content/q10w48161l15gg18/
- ↑ William A. Veech, Gauss measures for transformations on the space of interval exchange maps, Annals of Mathematics 115 (1982), http://www.jstor.org/stable/1971391
- ↑ Howard Masur, Interval Exchange Transformations and Measured Foliations, Annals of Mathematics 115 (1982) http://www.jstor.org/stable/1971341
- ↑ Piecewise isometries - an emerging area of dynamical systems, Arek Goetz