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In [[algebraic geometry]], a '''very ample [[line bundle]]''' is one with enough [[global section]]s to set up an [[embedding]] of its base [[algebraic variety|variety]] or manifold <math>M</math> into [[projective space]]. An  '''ample line bundle''' is one such that some positive power is very ample. '''Globally generated sheaves''' are those with enough sections to define a morphism to projective space.


[[Image:Resolved sideband cooling.jpg|400px|right|Resolved sideband cooling]]
==Introduction==
'''Resolved sideband cooling''' is a [[laser cooling]] technique that can be used to cool strongly trapped atoms to the quantum [[ground state]] of their motion. The atoms are usually precooled using the [[Doppler cooling|Doppler]] [[laser cooling]]. Subsequently the resolved [[sideband]] cooling is used to cool the atoms beyond the [[Doppler cooling limit]].
===Inverse image of line bundle and hyperplane divisors===
Given a morphism <math>f\ :\ X \to Y</math>, any vector bundle <math>\mathcal F</math> on ''Y'', or more generally any sheaf in <math>\mathcal O_Y</math> modules, ''eg.'' a coherent sheaf, can be pulled back to ''X'', (see [[Inverse image functor]]). This construction preserves the condition of being a line bundle, and more generally the rank.  


A cold trapped atom can be treated to a good approximation as a [[quantum mechanical]] [[harmonic oscillator]]. If the spontaneous decay rate is much smaller than the vibrational frequency of the atom in the trap, the [[energy level]]s of the system can be resolved as consisting of internal levels each corresponding to a ladder of vibrational states.
The notions described in this article are related to this construction in the case of morphisms to projective spaces
:<math>f : X \to \mathbb P^N,  </math> and <math>\mathcal F = \mathcal O(1) \in \mathrm{Pic}(\mathbb P^N)</math>,
the line bundle corresponding to the hyperplane divisor, whose sections are the 1-homogeneous regular functions. See [[Algebraic geometry of projective spaces#Divisors and twisting sheaves]].


Suppose a two-level atom whose ground state is shown by ''g'' and excited state by ''e''. Efficient laser cooling occurs when the frequency of the laser beam is tuned to the red sideband i.e.
=== Sheaves generated by their global sections ===
{{Main|Sheaf spanned by global sections}}
Let ''X'' be a [[scheme (mathematics)|scheme]] or a complex manifold and ''F'' a sheaf on ''X''. One says that ''F'' is '''generated by (finitely many) global sections''' <math> a_i \in F(X)</math>, if every [[stalks of a sheaf|stalk]] of ''F'' is generated as a [[module]] over the stalk of the [[structure sheaf]] by the germs of the ''a<sub>i</sub>''. For example, if ''F'' happens to be a line bundle, i.e. locally free of rank 1, this amounts to having finitely many global sections, such that for any point ''x'' in ''X'', there is at least one section not vanishing at this point. In this case a choice of such global generators ''a''<sub>0</sub>, ..., ''a''<sub>''n''</sub> gives a morphism
:''f: X'' → '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup>, ''x'' ↦ [''a''<sub>0</sub>(''x''): ... : ''a''<sub>''n''</sub>(''x'')],
such that the pullback ''f''*(''O''(1)) is ''F'' (Note that this evaluation makes sense when ''F'' is a subsheaf of the constant sheaf of rational functions on ''X''). The converse statement is also true: given such a morphism ''f'', the pullback of ''O''(1) is generated by its global sections (on ''X'').


<math>\omega = \omega_{0} - \nu</math>,
=== Very ample line bundles ===
Given a [[scheme (mathematics)|scheme]] ''X'' over a base scheme ''S'' or a complex manifold, a line bundle (or in other words an [[invertible sheaf]], that is, a locally free sheaf of rank one) ''L'' on ''X'' is said to be '''very ample''', if there is an [[Glossary of scheme theory#Open and closed immersions|immersion]] ''i : X → '''''P'''<sup>''n''</sup><sub>''S''</sub>, the ''n''-dimensional projective space over ''S'' for some ''n'', such that the [[inverse image functor|pullback]] of the [[Serre twist sheaf|standard twisting sheaf]] ''O''(1) on '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup><sub>''S''</sub> is isomorphic to ''L'':
:''i''<sup>*</sup>(O(1)) ≅ ''L''.


where <math>\omega_{0}</math> is the internal atomic transition frequency and <math>\nu</math> is the harmonic oscillation frequency of the atom. In this case the atom undergoes the transition
Hence this notion is a special case of the previous one, namely a line bundle is very ample if it is globally generated and the morphism given by some global generators is an immersion.


<math>\vert g, n \rangle \rightarrow \vert e, n-1 \rangle</math>,
Given a very ample sheaf ''L'' on ''X'' and a [[coherent sheaf]] ''F'', a theorem of Serre shows that (the coherent sheaf) ''F ⊗ L<sup>⊗n</sup>'' is generated by finitely many global sections for sufficiently large ''n''. This in turn implies that global sections and higher (Zariski) [[Sheaf cohomology|cohomology]] groups
:''H''<sup>''i''</sup>(''X'', ''F'')
are finitely generated. This is a distinctive feature of the projective situation. For example, for the affine ''n''-space ''A<sup>n</sup><sub>k</sub>'' over a field ''k'', global sections of the structure sheaf ''O'' are polynomials in ''n'' variables, thus not a finitely generated ''k''-vector space, whereas for '''P'''<sup>''n''</sup><sub>''k''</sub>, global sections are just constant functions, a one-dimensional ''k''-vector space.


where <math>\vert a, m \rangle</math> represents the state of an ion whose internal atomic state is ''a'' and the motional state is ''m''.  This process is labeled '1' in the image to the right.
== Definitions ==
The notion of '''ample line bundles''' ''L'' is slightly weaker than very ample line bundles: ''L'' is called ample if some tensor power ''L<sup>⊗n</sup>'' is very ample. This is equivalent to the following definition: ''L'' is ample if for any coherent sheaf ''F'' on ''X'', there exists an integer ''n(F)'', such that ''F'' ''L''<sup>⊗''n''</sup> is generated by its global sections.  


Subsequent [[spontaneous emission]] occurs predominantly at the carrier frequency if the recoil energy of the atom is negligible compared with the vibrational quantum energy i.e.
An equivalent, maybe more intuitive, definition of the ampleness of the line bundle <math>\mathcal L</math> is its having a positive tensorial power that is very ample. In other words, for <math>n \gg 0 </math> there exists a projective embedding <math>j: X \to \mathbb P^N</math> such that <math>\mathcal L^{\otimes n} = j^* (\mathcal O(1))</math>, that is the zero divisors of global sections of  <math>\mathcal L^{\otimes n}</math>
are hyperplane sections.


<math>\vert e, n-1 \rangle \rightarrow \vert g, n-1 \rangle.</math>
This definition makes sense for the underlying ''divisors'' ([[Cartier divisor]]s) <math>D</math>; an ample <math>D</math> is one where <math>nD</math> ''moves in a large enough [[linear system of divisors|linear system]]''. Such divisors form a [[cone (topology)|cone]] in all divisors of those that are, in some sense, ''positive enough''. The relationship with projective space is that the <math>D</math> for a very ample <math>L</math> corresponds to the [[hyperplane section]]s (intersection with some [[hyperplane]]) of the embedded <math>M</math>.


This process is labeled '2' in the image to the right.
The equivalence between the two definitions is credited to [[Jean-Pierre Serre]] in [[Faisceaux algébriques cohérents]].
The average effect of this mechanism is cooling the ion by one vibrational energy level. When these steps are repeated a sufficient number of times <math>\vert g,0 \rangle</math> is reached with a high probability.<ref>A.SCHLIESSER,R. RIVIÈRE, G. ANETSBERGER, O. ARCIZET,T. J. KIPPENBERG [http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v4/n5/full/nphys939.html "Resolved-sideband cooling of a micromechanical oscillator"], nature physics, Vol 4 MAY 2008.</ref>
 
==Criteria for ampleness of line bundles==
===Intersection theory===
To decide in practice when a Cartier divisor ''D'' corresponds to an ample line bundle, there are some geometric criteria.
 
For curves, a divisor ''D'' is very ample if and only if
''l''(''D'') = 2 + ''l''(''D'' &minus; ''A'' &minus; ''B'') whenever ''A'' and ''B'' are points. By the [[Riemann–Roch theorem]] every divisor of degree
at least 2''g''&nbsp;+&nbsp;1 satisfies this condition so is very ample. This implies that a divisor is ample if and only if it has positive degree. The [[canonical divisor]] of degree 2''g''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;2 is very ample if and only if the curve is not
a [[hyperelliptic curve]].
 
The '''Nakai–Moishezon criterion''' ({{harvnb|Nakai|1963}}, {{harvnb|Moishezon|1964}}) states that a Cartier divisor ''D'' on a proper scheme ''X'' over an algebraically closed field is ample if and only if ''D''<sup>dim(''Y'')</sup>.''Y'' > 0 for every closed integral subscheme ''Y'' of ''X''. In the special case of curves this says that a divisor is ample if and only if it has positive degree, and for a smooth projective [[algebraic surface]] ''S'', the Nakai–Moishezon criterion states that ''D'' is ample if and only if its [[self-intersection number]] ''D''.''D'' is strictly positive, and for any irreducible curve ''C'' on ''S'' we have ''D''.''C'' > 0.
 
The '''Kleiman condition''' states that for any [[projective variety|projective]] scheme ''X'', a divisor ''D'' on ''X'' is ample if and only if ''D''.''C'' > 0 for any nonzero element ''C'' in the [[closure (topology)|closure]] of NE(''X''), the [[cone of curves]] of ''X''. In other words a divisor is ample if and only if it is in the interior of the real cone generated by [[nef divisor]]s.  
 
{{harvtxt|Nagata|1959}} constructed divisors on surfaces that have positive intersection with every curve, but are not ample.
This shows that the condition ''D''.''D''&nbsp;>&nbsp;0 cannot be omitted in the Nakai–Moishezon criterion, and it is necessary to use the closure of NE(''X'') rather than NE(''X'') in the Kleiman condition.
 
{{harvtxt|Seshadri|1972|loc=Remark 7.1, p. 549}} showed that a line bundle ''L'' on a complete algebraic scheme is ample if and only if there is some positive ε such that
deg(''L''|<sub>''C''</sub>) ≥ ε''m''(''C'') for all integral curves ''C'' in ''X'', where ''m''(''C'') is the
maximum of the multiplicities at the points of ''C''.
 
===Sheaves cohomology===
 
The theorem of [[Henri Cartan|Cartan]]-[[Jean-Pierre Serre|Serre]]-[[Grothendieck]] states that for a line bundle <math>\mathcal L</math> on a variety <math>X</math>, the following conditions are equivalent:
* <math>\mathcal L</math> is ample
* for ''m'' big enough, <math>\mathcal L^{\otimes m}</math> is very ample
* for any coherent sheaf <math>\mathcal F</math> on ''X'', the sheaf <math>\mathcal F \otimes \mathcal L^{\otimes m}</math> is generated by global sections, for ''m'' big enough
* for any coherent sheaf <math>\mathcal F</math> on ''X'', the [[sheaf cohomology|higher cohomology groups]] <math>H^i(X, \mathcal F \otimes \mathcal L^{\otimes m}), \ i \geq 1</math> vanish for ''m'' big enough.
 
==Generalizations==
=== Vector bundles of higher rank ===
A [[locally free sheaf]] ([[vector bundle]]) <math>F</math> on a variety is called '''ample''' if the invertible sheaf <math>\mathcal{O}(1)</math> on <math>\mathbb{P}(F)</math> is ample {{harvtxt|Hartshorne|1966}}.  
 
Ample vector bundles inherit many of the properties of ample line bundles.
 
===Big line bundles===
{{main| Iitaka dimension}}
An important generalization, notably in [[birational geometry]], is that of a '''big line bundle'''. A line bundle <math>\mathcal L</math> on ''X'' is said to be big if the equivalent following conditions are satisfied:
*<math>\mathcal L</math> is the tensor product of an ample line bundle and an effective line bundle
*the [[Hilbert polynomial]] of the finitely generated [[graded ring]] <math>\bigoplus_{k=0}^\infty \Gamma (X, \mathcal L ^{\otimes k})</math> has degree the dimension of ''X''
*the rational mapping of the [[linear system of divisors|total system of divisors]] <math>X \to \mathbb P \Gamma (X, \mathcal L^{\otimes k})</math> is [[birational]] on its image for <math>k \gg 0</math>.
The interest of this notion is its stability with respect to rational transformations.
 
==See also==
===General algebraic geometry===
*[[Cartier divisor]]
*[[Algebraic geometry of projective spaces]]
*[[Fano variety]]: a variety whose [[Canonical line bundle]] is anti-ample
 
===Ampleness in complex geometry===
*[[Holomorphic vector bundle]]
*The [[Chern class]] is a characteristic form that detects ampleness of line bundles, this is the
*[[Kodaira embedding theorem]]: for compact complex manifolds, ampleness and positivity coincide.
*[[Lefschetz hyperplane theorem]]: the study of very ample line bundles on complex projective manifolds gives strong topological information


==References==
==References==
    {{Reflist}}
===Study references===
* {{Citation | last1=Hartshorne | first1=Robin | author1-link= Robin Hartshorne | title=[[Algebraic Geometry (book)|Algebraic Geometry]] | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | isbn=978-0-387-90244-9 | mr=0463157 | year=1977}}
* {{Citation | last1=Lazarsfeld | first1=Robert | author1-link= Robert Lazarsfeld | title=[[Positivity in Algebraic Geometry (book)|Positivity in Algebraic Geometry]] | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin | year=2004}}
* The slides on ampleness in Vladimir Lazić's [http://www2.imperial.ac.uk/~vlazic/AGlect11.pdf Lectures on algebraic geometry]


==See also==
===Research texts===
* [[Laser cooling]]
*{{Citation | last1=Hartshorne | first1=Robin | author1-link=Robin Hartshorne | title=Ample vector bundles | url=http://www.numdam.org/item?id=PMIHES_1966__29__63_0 | mr=0193092 | year=1966 | journal=[[Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS]] | issn=1618-1913 | issue=29 | pages=63–94}}
* [[Amplitude modulation]]
*{{Citation | doi=10.2307/1970447 | last1=Kleiman | first1=Steven L. | author1-link=Steven Kleiman | title=Toward a numerical theory of ampleness | jstor=1970447 | mr=0206009 | year=1966 | journal=[[Annals of Mathematics|Annals of Mathematics. Second Series]] | issn=0003-486X | volume=84 | pages=293–344 | issue=3 | publisher=Annals of Mathematics}}
*{{Citation | last1=Moishezon | first1=B. G. | authorlink1 = Boris Moishezon | title=A projectivity criterion of complete algebraic abstract varieties | mr=0160782 | year=1964 | journal=Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya Matematicheskaya | issn=0373-2436 | volume=28 | pages=179–224}}
* {{Citation | last1=Nagata | first1=Masayoshi | author1-link= Masayoshi Nagata | title=On the 14th problem of Hilbert | mr=0154867 | year=1959 | journal=[[American Journal of Mathematics]] | volume=81 | pages=766–772 | doi=10.2307/2372927 | jstor=2372927 | issue=3 | publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press}}
*{{Citation | doi=10.2307/2373180 | last1=Nakai | first1=Yoshikazu | title=A criterion of an ample sheaf on a projective scheme | jstor=2373180 | mr=0151461 | year=1963 | journal=[[American Journal of Mathematics]] | issn=0002-9327 | volume=85 | pages=14–26 | issue=1 | publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press}}
*{{Citation | doi=10.2307/1970870 | last1=Seshadri | first1=C. S. | title=Quotient spaces modulo reductive algebraic groups | jstor=1970870 | mr=0309940 | year=1972 | journal=[[Annals of Mathematics|Annals of Mathematics. Second Series]] | issn=0003-486X | volume=95 | pages=511–556 | issue=3 | publisher=Annals of Mathematics}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Resolved Sideband Cooling}}
[[Category:Vector bundles]]
[[Category:Atomic physics]]
[[Category:Algebraic geometry]]
[[Category:Plasma physics]]
[[Category:Geometry of divisors]]
[[Category:Cooling technology]]


[[ru:Охлаждение методом боковой полосы]]
[[ko:넉넉한 선다발]]

Revision as of 08:46, 13 August 2014

In algebraic geometry, a very ample line bundle is one with enough global sections to set up an embedding of its base variety or manifold M into projective space. An ample line bundle is one such that some positive power is very ample. Globally generated sheaves are those with enough sections to define a morphism to projective space.

Introduction

Inverse image of line bundle and hyperplane divisors

Given a morphism f:XY, any vector bundle on Y, or more generally any sheaf in 𝒪Y modules, eg. a coherent sheaf, can be pulled back to X, (see Inverse image functor). This construction preserves the condition of being a line bundle, and more generally the rank.

The notions described in this article are related to this construction in the case of morphisms to projective spaces

f:XN, and =𝒪(1)Pic(N),

the line bundle corresponding to the hyperplane divisor, whose sections are the 1-homogeneous regular functions. See Algebraic geometry of projective spaces#Divisors and twisting sheaves.

Sheaves generated by their global sections

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. Let X be a scheme or a complex manifold and F a sheaf on X. One says that F is generated by (finitely many) global sections aiF(X), if every stalk of F is generated as a module over the stalk of the structure sheaf by the germs of the ai. For example, if F happens to be a line bundle, i.e. locally free of rank 1, this amounts to having finitely many global sections, such that for any point x in X, there is at least one section not vanishing at this point. In this case a choice of such global generators a0, ..., an gives a morphism

f: XPn, x ↦ [a0(x): ... : an(x)],

such that the pullback f*(O(1)) is F (Note that this evaluation makes sense when F is a subsheaf of the constant sheaf of rational functions on X). The converse statement is also true: given such a morphism f, the pullback of O(1) is generated by its global sections (on X).

Very ample line bundles

Given a scheme X over a base scheme S or a complex manifold, a line bundle (or in other words an invertible sheaf, that is, a locally free sheaf of rank one) L on X is said to be very ample, if there is an immersion i : X → PnS, the n-dimensional projective space over S for some n, such that the pullback of the standard twisting sheaf O(1) on PnS is isomorphic to L:

i*(O(1)) ≅ L.

Hence this notion is a special case of the previous one, namely a line bundle is very ample if it is globally generated and the morphism given by some global generators is an immersion.

Given a very ample sheaf L on X and a coherent sheaf F, a theorem of Serre shows that (the coherent sheaf) F ⊗ L⊗n is generated by finitely many global sections for sufficiently large n. This in turn implies that global sections and higher (Zariski) cohomology groups

Hi(X, F)

are finitely generated. This is a distinctive feature of the projective situation. For example, for the affine n-space Ank over a field k, global sections of the structure sheaf O are polynomials in n variables, thus not a finitely generated k-vector space, whereas for Pnk, global sections are just constant functions, a one-dimensional k-vector space.

Definitions

The notion of ample line bundles L is slightly weaker than very ample line bundles: L is called ample if some tensor power L⊗n is very ample. This is equivalent to the following definition: L is ample if for any coherent sheaf F on X, there exists an integer n(F), such that FLn is generated by its global sections.

An equivalent, maybe more intuitive, definition of the ampleness of the line bundle is its having a positive tensorial power that is very ample. In other words, for n0 there exists a projective embedding j:XN such that n=j*(𝒪(1)), that is the zero divisors of global sections of n are hyperplane sections.

This definition makes sense for the underlying divisors (Cartier divisors) D; an ample D is one where nD moves in a large enough linear system. Such divisors form a cone in all divisors of those that are, in some sense, positive enough. The relationship with projective space is that the D for a very ample L corresponds to the hyperplane sections (intersection with some hyperplane) of the embedded M.

The equivalence between the two definitions is credited to Jean-Pierre Serre in Faisceaux algébriques cohérents.

Criteria for ampleness of line bundles

Intersection theory

To decide in practice when a Cartier divisor D corresponds to an ample line bundle, there are some geometric criteria.

For curves, a divisor D is very ample if and only if l(D) = 2 + l(DAB) whenever A and B are points. By the Riemann–Roch theorem every divisor of degree at least 2g + 1 satisfies this condition so is very ample. This implies that a divisor is ample if and only if it has positive degree. The canonical divisor of degree 2g − 2 is very ample if and only if the curve is not a hyperelliptic curve.

The Nakai–Moishezon criterion (Template:Harvnb, Template:Harvnb) states that a Cartier divisor D on a proper scheme X over an algebraically closed field is ample if and only if Ddim(Y).Y > 0 for every closed integral subscheme Y of X. In the special case of curves this says that a divisor is ample if and only if it has positive degree, and for a smooth projective algebraic surface S, the Nakai–Moishezon criterion states that D is ample if and only if its self-intersection number D.D is strictly positive, and for any irreducible curve C on S we have D.C > 0.

The Kleiman condition states that for any projective scheme X, a divisor D on X is ample if and only if D.C > 0 for any nonzero element C in the closure of NE(X), the cone of curves of X. In other words a divisor is ample if and only if it is in the interior of the real cone generated by nef divisors.

Template:Harvtxt constructed divisors on surfaces that have positive intersection with every curve, but are not ample. This shows that the condition D.D > 0 cannot be omitted in the Nakai–Moishezon criterion, and it is necessary to use the closure of NE(X) rather than NE(X) in the Kleiman condition.

Template:Harvtxt showed that a line bundle L on a complete algebraic scheme is ample if and only if there is some positive ε such that deg(L|C) ≥ εm(C) for all integral curves C in X, where m(C) is the maximum of the multiplicities at the points of C.

Sheaves cohomology

The theorem of Cartan-Serre-Grothendieck states that for a line bundle on a variety X, the following conditions are equivalent:

Generalizations

Vector bundles of higher rank

A locally free sheaf (vector bundle) F on a variety is called ample if the invertible sheaf 𝒪(1) on (F) is ample Template:Harvtxt.

Ample vector bundles inherit many of the properties of ample line bundles.

Big line bundles

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. An important generalization, notably in birational geometry, is that of a big line bundle. A line bundle on X is said to be big if the equivalent following conditions are satisfied:

The interest of this notion is its stability with respect to rational transformations.

See also

General algebraic geometry

Ampleness in complex geometry

References

Study references

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    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • The slides on ampleness in Vladimir Lazić's Lectures on algebraic geometry

Research texts

  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010

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