Altitude (triangle)

Incircle redirects here. For incircles of non-triangle polygons, see Tangential quadrilateral or Tangential polygon.

A triangle (black) with incircle (blue), incenter (I), excircles (orange), excenters (J_A,J_B,J_C), internal angle bisectors (red) and external angle bisectors (green)

In geometry, the incircle or inscribed circle of a triangle is the largest circle contained in the triangle; it touches (is tangent to) the three sides. The center of the incircle is called the triangle's incenter.

An excircle or escribed circle of the triangle is a circle lying outside the triangle, tangent to one of its sides and tangent to the extensions of the other two. Every triangle has three distinct excircles, each tangent to one of the triangle's sides.

The center of the incircle can be found as the intersection of the three internal angle bisectors. The center of an excircle is the intersection of the internal bisector of one angle and the external bisectors of the other two. Because the internal bisector of an angle is perpendicular to its external bisector, it follows that the center of the incircle together with the three excircle centers form an orthocentric system.

See also Tangent lines to circles.

Relation to area of the triangle

The radii of the in- and excircles are closely related to the area of the triangle. Let K be the triangle's area and let a, b and c, be the lengths of its sides. By Heron's formula, the area of the triangle is

${\begin{aligned}K&{}={\frac {1}{4}}{\sqrt {(P)(a-b+c)(b-c+a)(c-a+b)}}\\&{}={\sqrt {s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}}\end{aligned}}$

where $s={\tfrac {1}{2}}(a+b+c)$ is the semiperimeter and P = 2s is the perimeter.

The radius of the incircle (also known as the inradius, r ) is

$r={\frac {2K}{P}}={\sqrt {\frac {(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}{s}}}.$

Thus, the area K of a triangle may be found by multiplying the inradius by the semiperimeter:

$\displaystyle K=rs.$

The radii in the excircles are called the exradii. The excircle at side a has radius

$r_{a}={\frac {2K}{c-a+b}}={\sqrt {\frac {s(s-b)(s-c)}{s-a}}}.$

Similarly the radii of the excircles at sides b and c are respectively

$r_{b}={\frac {2K}{a-b+c}}={\sqrt {\frac {s(s-a)(s-c)}{s-b}}}$

and

$r_{c}={\frac {2K}{b-c+a}}={\sqrt {\frac {s(s-a)(s-b)}{s-c}}}.$

From these formulas one can see that the excircles are always larger than the incircle and that the largest excircle is the one tangent to the longest side and the smallest excircle is tangent to the shortest side. Further, combining these formulas with Heron's area formula yields the result thatPrimarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.

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$K={\sqrt {rr_{a}r_{b}r_{c}}}.$

The ratio of the area of the incircle to the area of the triangle is less than or equal to ${\frac {\pi }{3{\sqrt {3}}}}$, with equality holding only for equilateral triangles.

Nine-point circle and Feuerbach point

The circle tangent to all three of the excircles as well as the incircle is known as the nine-point circle. The point where the nine-point circle touches the incircle is known as the Feuerbach point.

Gergonne triangle and point

A triangle, ΔABC, with incircle (blue), incenter (blue, I), contact triangle (red, ΔT_aT_bT_c) and Gergonne point (green, Ge)

The Gergonne triangle(of ABC) is defined by the 3 touchpoints of the incircle on the 3 sides. Those vertices are denoted as T_A, etc. The point that T_A denotes, lies opposite to A.

This Gergonne triangle T_AT_BT_C is also known as the contact triangle or intouch triangle of ABC.

The three lines AT_A, BT_B and CT_C intersect in a single point called Gergonne point, denoted as Ge - X(7).

Interestingly, the Gergonne point of a triangle is the symmedian point of the Gergonne triangle. For a full set of properties of the Gergonne point see.

The touchpoints of the three excircles with segments BC,CA and AB are the vertices of the extouch triangle. The points of intersection of the interior angle bisectors of ABC with the segments BC,CA,AB are the vertices of the incentral triangle.

Nagel triangle and point

The Nagel triangle of ABC is denoted by the vertices X_A, X_B and X_C that are the three points where the excircles touch the reference triangle ABC and where X_A is opposite of A, etc. This triangle X_AX_BX_C is also known as the extouch triangle of ABC. The circumcircle of the extouch triangle X_AX_BX_C is called the Mandart circle. The three lines AX_A, BX_B and CX_C are called the splitters of the triangle; they each bisect the perimeter of the triangle, and they intersect in a single point, the triangle's Nagel point Na - X(8).

Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the intouch triangle are given by

• $A-{\text{vertex}}=0:\sec ^{2}\left({\frac {B}{2}}\right):\sec ^{2}\left({\frac {C}{2}}\right)$
• $B-{\text{vertex}}=\sec ^{2}\left({\frac {A}{2}}\right):0:\sec ^{2}\left({\frac {C}{2}}\right)$
• $C-{\text{vertex}}=\sec ^{2}\left({\frac {A}{2}}\right):\sec ^{2}\left({\frac {B}{2}}\right):0$

Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the extouch triangle are given by

• $A-{\text{vertex}}=0:\csc ^{2}\left({\frac {B}{2}}\right):\csc ^{2}\left({\frac {C}{2}}\right)$
• $B-{\text{vertex}}=\csc ^{2}\left({\frac {A}{2}}\right):0:\csc ^{2}\left({\frac {C}{2}}\right)$
• $C-{\text{vertex}}=\csc ^{2}\left({\frac {A}{2}}\right):\csc ^{2}\left({\frac {B}{2}}\right):0$

Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the incentral triangle are given by

• $\ A-{\text{vertex}}=0:1:1$
• $\ B-{\text{vertex}}=1:0:1$
• $\ C-{\text{vertex}}=1:1:0$

Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the excentral triangle are given by

• $\ A-{\text{vertex}}=-1:1:1$
• $\ B-{\text{vertex}}=1:-1:1$
• $\ C-{\text{vertex}}=1:-1:-1$

Trilinear coordinates for the Gergonne point are given by

$\sec ^{2}\left({\frac {A}{2}}\right):\sec ^{2}\left({\frac {B}{2}}\right):\sec ^{2}\left({\frac {C}{2}}\right)$,

or, equivalently, by the Law of Sines,

${\frac {bc}{b+c-a}}:{\frac {ca}{c+a-b}}:{\frac {ab}{a+b-c}}$.

Trilinear coordinates for the Nagel point are given by

$\csc ^{2}\left({\frac {A}{2}}\right):\csc ^{2}\left({\frac {B}{2}}\right):\csc ^{2}\left({\frac {C}{2}}\right)$,

or, equivalently, by the Law of Sines,

${\frac {b+c-a}{a}}:{\frac {c+a-b}{b}}:{\frac {a+b-c}{c}}$.

It is the isotomic conjugate of the Gergonne point.

Coordinates of the incenter

The Cartesian coordinates of the incenter are a weighted average of the coordinates of the three vertices using the side lengths of the triangle as weights. (The weights are positive so the incenter lies inside the triangle as stated above.) If the three vertices are located at $(x_{a},y_{a})$, $(x_{b},y_{b})$, and $(x_{c},y_{c})$, and the sides opposite these vertices have corresponding lengths $a$, $b$, and $c$, then the incenter is at

${\bigg (}{\frac {ax_{a}+bx_{b}+cx_{c}}{P}},{\frac {ay_{a}+by_{b}+cy_{c}}{P}}{\bigg )}={\frac {a(x_{a},y_{a})+b(x_{b},y_{b})+c(x_{c},y_{c})}{P}}$

where $\ P=a+b+c.$

Trilinear coordinates for the incenter are given by

$\ 1:1:1.$

Barycentric coordinates for the incenter are given by

$\ a:b:c$

or equivalently

$\sin(A):\sin(B):\sin(C).$

Equations for four circles

Let x : y : z be a variable point in trilinear coordinates, and let u = cos²(A/2), v = cos²(B/2), w = cos²(C/2). The four circles described above are given by these equations:

• Incircle:

$\ u^{2}x^{2}+v^{2}y^{2}+w^{2}z^{2}-2vwyz-2wuzx-2uvxy=0$

• A-excircle:

$\ u^{2}x^{2}+v^{2}y^{2}+w^{2}z^{2}-2vwyz+2wuzx+2uvxy=0$

• B-excircle:

$\ u^{2}x^{2}+v^{2}y^{2}+w^{2}z^{2}+2vwyz-2wuzx+2uvxy=0$

• C-excircle:

$\ u^{2}x^{2}+v^{2}y^{2}+w^{2}z^{2}+2vwyz+2wuzx-2uvxy=0$

Euler's theorem

Euler's theorem states that in a triangle:

$(R-r_{in})^{2}=d^{2}+r_{in}^{2},$

where R and r_in are the circumradius and inradius respectively, and d is the distance between the circumcenter and the incenter.

For excircles the equation is similar:

$(R+r_{ex})^{2}=d^{2}+r_{ex}^{2},$

where r_ex is the radius one of the excircles, and d is the distance between the circumcenter and this excircle's center.

Other incircle properties

Suppose the tangency points of the incircle divide the sides into lengths of x and y, y and z, and z and x. Then the incircle has the radius

$r={\sqrt {\frac {xyz}{x+y+z}}}$

and the area of the triangle is

$K={\sqrt {xyz(x+y+z)}}.$

If the altitudes from sides of lengths a, b, and c are h_a, h_b, and h_c then the inradius r is one-third of the harmonic mean of these altitudes, i.e.

$r={\frac {1}{h_{a}^{-1}+h_{b}^{-1}+h_{c}^{-1}}}.$

The product of the incircle radius r and the circumcircle radius R of a triangle with sides a, b, and c is

$rR={\frac {abc}{2(a+b+c)}}.$

Some relations among the sides, incircle radius, and circumcircle radius are:

$ab+bc+ca=s^{2}+(4R+r)r,$

$a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}=2s^{2}-2(4R+r)r.$

Any line through a triangle that splits both the triangle's area and its perimeter in half goes through the triangle's incenter (the center of its incircle). There are either one, two, or three of these for any given triangle.

The distance from the incenter to the centroid is less than one third the length of the longest median of the triangle.

Denoting the distance from the incenter to the Euler line as d, the length of the longest median as v, the length of the longest side as u, and the semiperimeter as s, the following inequalities hold:

${\frac {d}{s}}<{\frac {d}{u}}<{\frac {d}{v}}<{\frac {1}{3}}.$

Denoting the center of the incircle of triangle ABC as I, we have

${\frac {{\overline {IA}}\cdot {\overline {IA}}}{{\overline {CA}}\cdot {\overline {AB}}}}+{\frac {{\overline {IB}}\cdot {\overline {IB}}}{{\overline {AB}}\cdot {\overline {BC}}}}+{\frac {{\overline {IC}}\cdot {\overline {IC}}}{{\overline {BC}}\cdot {\overline {CA}}}}=1.$

Other excircle properties

The circular hull of the excircles is internally tangent to each of the excircles, and thus is an Apollonius circle. The radius of this Apollonius circle is ${\frac {r^{2}+s^{2}}{4r}}$ where r is the incircle radius and s is the semiperimeter of the triangle.

The following relations hold among the inradius r, the circumradius R, the semiperimeter s, and the excircle radii r_'a, rb, rc:

$r_{a}+r_{b}+r_{c}=4R+r,$

$r_{a}r_{b}+r_{b}r_{c}+r_{c}r_{a}=s^{2},$

$r_{a}^{2}+r_{b}^{2}+r_{c}^{2}=(4R+r)^{2}-2s^{2},$

The circle through the centers of the three excircles has radius 2R.

If H is the orthocenter of triangle ABC, then

$r_{a}+r_{b}+r_{c}+r=AH+BH+CH+2R,$

$r_{a}^{2}+r_{b}^{2}+r_{c}^{2}+r^{2}=AH^{2}+BH^{2}+CH^{2}+(2R)^{2}.$

Incircle in a quadrilateral

Some (but not all) quadrilaterals have an incircle. These are called tangential quadrilaterals. Among their many properties perhaps the most important is that their opposite sides have equal sums. This is called the Pitot theorem.

See also

• Altitude (triangle)
• Circumscribed circle
• Ex-tangential quadrilateral
• Harcourt's theorem
• Inscribed sphere
• Power of a point
• Steiner inellipse
• Tangential quadrilateral
• Triangle center

References

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• Clark Kimberling, "Triangle Centers and Central Triangles," Congressus Numerantium 129 (1998) i-xxv and 1-295.
• Sándor Kiss, "The Orthic-of-Intouch and Intouch-of-Orthic Triangles," Forum Geometricorum 6 (2006) 171-177.

External links

• Derivation of formula for radius of incircle of a triangle
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Interactive

• Triangle incenter   Triangle incircle  Incircle of a regular polygon   With interactive animations
• Constructing a triangle's incenter / incircle with compass and straightedge An interactive animated demonstration
• Equal Incircles Theorem at cut-the-knot
• Five Incircles Theorem at cut-the-knot
• Pairs of Incircles in a Quadrilateral at cut-the-knot
• An interactive Java applet for the incenter