Archimedean property: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
en>AnomieBOT
m Dating maintenance tags: {{Clarify}}
en>Giorgi Balakhadze
No edit summary
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Bible related}}


The oldest surviving [[Hebrew Bible manuscripts]] including the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] date to about the 2nd century BCE ([[Tanakh at Qumran|fragmentary]]) and some are stored at the [[Shrine of the Book]] in Jerusalem. The oldest record of the complete text survives in a [[Bible translations into Greek|Greek translation]] called the [[Septuagint]], dating to the 4th century CE ([[Codex Sinaiticus]]). The oldest [[Extant literature|extant]] manuscripts of the vocalized [[Masoretic text]], which modern editions are based upon, date to the 9th century CE.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} With the exception of a few biblical sections in the [[Nevi'im|Prophets]], virtually no biblical text is contemporaneous with the events it describes, and was subject to revision by later authors.<ref>{{harvnb|Bernstein|1996|p=134}}</ref>


From the internal testimony of the texts, the individual books of the [[Development of the New Testament canon|27-book New Testament canon]] are likely dated to the [[Christianity in the 1st century|1st century CE]]. The first book written was probably [[1 Thessalonians]], written at around 50 CE.<ref name="Brown">[[Raymond E. Brown]], ''An Introduction to the New Testament'', [[Anchor Bible]], 1997. pp. 456-466.</ref> The last book of the canon is the [[Book of Revelation]] said to be written by [[John of Patmos]] during the reign of [[Domitian]] (81-96).<ref name="Books.google.com">[[Robert Mounce]]. The Book of Revelation, pg. 15-16. Cambridge: Eerdman's. [http://books.google.com/books?id=6FAookts4MUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false Books.google.com]</ref>
New Homes <br><br>Recently created homes have good quality get a handle on standards, newer design practices, and better power efficiency than many older homes. They often carry a 1+ year warranty and good money options. The disadvantage is the fact that while they&quot;re easy to enter, it is very difficult to market them for a few years (particularly if the contractor is still in the subdivision), and the ultimate price is often greater than an older house (although they generally need very little up-front money, and many builders will give thousands of [https://www.gov.uk/search?q=dollars dollars] of updates and incentives.) The neighborhood won&quot;t be founded, there will be very few shade trees like in an older neighborhood, and it will have more of the frontier experience. Then a clean smell of-a new home is going to be your point, In the event that you like new and bright like a new car. <br><br>Present Houses <br><br>These are owned by homeowners who wish to sell their houses. They&quot;ve been professional, and could be better made than newer domiciles. Visiting [http://ritish.info/2014/08/17/how-exactly-to-cook-turkey-on-propane-grills/ TM] likely provides aids you can use with your pastor. Identify supplementary information about [http://armorgames.com/user/lungcotton5 install radiant barrier] by navigating to our [http://browse.Deviantart.com/?q=pushing+web pushing web] site. Many people just like the fact that they have the charm and record of having been lived in - in fact, several buyers think that a new house is "cold" if it&quot;s not been lived in. Their age presents respectability to them, and they are in established areas with tall bushes and established neighbors and schools. They might be funky/customized with interesting quirks. Be taught supplementary info on an affiliated portfolio - Click here: [http://journals.fotki.com/skinnyharp/Bobcat-Octagon/ principles]. These are for those who like "established" OR "different." They&quot;re much easier to offer soon after you get one. Many also take a 1-year warranty. They could not interest people who like being the very first in a property or who need one created especially for them. <br><br>Which would you like better - New or Existing? People who like you can maybe not like the other, though there are many exceptions who like both. <br><br>2006, Jon Kresh.<br><br>If you have any kind of inquiries concerning where and how you can make use of [http://www.alivenotdead.com/nauseating660 buy health insurance], you can call us at the webpage.
 
Since the original writing of the scriptures, huge volumes of copies have been made of the originals, which are no longer [[Extant literature|extant]], and copies have been made of those copies, resulting in several [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts|text types]]. Archaeologists have recovered about 5,500 [[New Testament]] [[manuscripts]], being fragments or complete books.<ref>Robert Stewart, ''The Reliability of the New Testament: Bart Ehrman and Daniel Wallace in Dialogue'' [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UaRkR3WI0rYC&pg=PA17&dq=5500+fragments+new+testament&hl=en&ei=8QLJTvTdEMHc8AOej91q&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=5500%20fragments%20new%20testament&f=false p17]</ref> The earliest [[Extant literature|extant]] fragment of the New Testament is the [[Rylands Library Papyrus P52]], a piece of the [[Gospel of John]] dated to the first half of the 2nd century. Dating the composition of the texts relies primarily on internal evidence, including direct references to historical events, as resorting to [[textual criticism]], [[philological]] and linguistic evidence is very subjective.
 
==The Hebrew Bible==
===Torah===
{{main|Mosaic authorship|Documentary hypothesis}}
The first five books of the bible in Judaism are called the [[Torah]], meaning "law" or "instruction", and are regarded as the most important section of the Scriptures, traditionally thought to have been written between the 16th century and the 12th century BCE by [[Moses]] himself. Followers of the [[Biblical Minimalism|Copenhagen School]] place its origins in 5th century [[Yehud Medinata]].<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC&pg=PA217#v=onepage&q&f=false Ska, Jean-Louis, "Introduction to reading the Pentateuch" (Eisenbrauns, 2006)] pp.217 ff.</ref>{{request quotation|date=December 2012}}
 
[[Deuteronomy]] is treated separately from Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers. The process of its formation probably took several hundred years, from the 8th century to the 6th BCE.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=-yoFvN_QOjYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Deuteronomy+Patrick+D.+Miller&source=bl&ots=3qO7pbqtP0&sig=jsW4ktCbnQErFXbIm-9L2ry3n5Y&hl=en&ei=rj6oTK-bB87IcbqNlc4N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Miller, Patrick D., "Deuteronomy" (John Knox Press, 1990)] pp.2–3</ref> It began as no more than the set of religious laws which today make up the bulk of the book; later it was extended in order to be used as the introduction to the comprehensive history of Israel written in the early part of the 6th century; and later still it was detached from the history, extended yet again, and used to conclude the story told in Genesis-Exodus-Leviticus-Numbers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Pentateuch+Social+Science+Commentary#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Van Seters, John, "The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary" T&T Clark, 2004) p.93 |publisher=Google Books |date= 23 August 2004|accessdate=3 October 2010|isbn=978-0-567-08088-2}}</ref>
 
===Nevi'im (Prophets)===
{{Main|Nevi'im}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Book <br>of Nevi'im
! Scholarly dating
|-
|[[Book_of_Joshua#Composition|Book of Joshua]]
|ca. 625 BCE by the [[Deuteronomist]] (called D) working with traditional materials
|-
|[[Book_of_Judges#Composition|Book of Judges]]
|ca. 625 BCE by the [[Deuteronomist]] (called D) working with traditional materials
|-
|[[Books_of_Samuel#Composition|Books of Samuel]]
|ca. 625 BCE by the [[Deuteronomist]] (called D) working with traditional materials
|-
|[[Books_of_Kings#Composition|Books of Kings]]
|ca. 625 BCE by the [[Deuteronomist]] (called D) working with traditional materials
|-
|[[Book_of_Isaiah#Composition|Book of Isaiah]]
|Three main authors and an extensive editing process:<br>
Isaiah 1-39 "Historical Isaiah" with multiple layers of editing, 8th century BCE<br>
Isaiah 40-55 Exilic(Deutero-Isaiah), 6th century BCE<br>
Isaiah 56-66 post-exilic(Trito-Isaiah), 6th-5th century BCE<br>
|-
|[[Book_of_Jeremiah#Composition|Book of Jeremiah]]
|late 6th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Ezekiel]]
|6th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Hosea]]
|8th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Joel]]
|unknown
|-
|[[Book of Amos]]
|8th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Obadiah]]
|6th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Jonah]]
|6th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Micah]]
|mid 6th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Nahum]]
|8th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Habakkuk]]
|6th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Zephaniah]]
|7th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Haggai]]
|5th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Zechariah]]
|5th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Malachi]]
|Early 5th century BCE or later
|-
|}
 
===Ketuvim (Writings)===
{{Main|Ketuvim}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Book <br>of Ketuvim
! Scholarly dating{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}<br />
|-
|[[Psalms]]
|The bulk of the Psalms appear to have been written for use in the Temple, which existed from around 950-586 BCE and, after rebuilding, from the 5th century BCE until 70 CE.
|-
| [[Book of Proverbs]]
|Some old material from the ancient sages, some later material from the 6th century BCE or later, some material borrowed from the ancient Egyptian text called the ''[[Instructions of Amenemopet]]''
|-
|[[Book of Job]]
|5th century BCE
|-
|[[Song of Songs]] or [[Song of Solomon]]
|scholarly estimates vary between 950 BCE to 200 BCE
|-
|[[Book of Ruth]]
|6th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]]
|6th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Ecclesiastes]]
|4th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Esther]]
|4th century BCE or later
|-
|[[Book of Daniel]]
|ca. 165 BCE<ref>Dillard and Longman, ''An Introduction to the Old Testament'', Apollos 1995, pp. 329-350.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Stephen R.|title=Daniel|year=1994|publisher=Broadman & Holman|location=Nashville, Tenn.|isbn=978-0-8054-0118-9|edition=null|page=94}}</ref>
|-
|[[Book of Ezra]]-[[Book of Nehemiah]]
|4th century BCE or slightly later
|-
|[[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]]
|4th century BCE or slightly later
|-
|}
 
==Deuterocanonical books==
[[Deuterocanonical books]] are books considered by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] to be canonical parts of the Christian Old Testament but are not present in the [[Tanakh]] (Hebrew Bible) and [[Protestant]] Bible.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Book <br>of Deuterocanon
! Scholarly dating
|-
| [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]]
| 2nd century BCE
|-
| [[Book of Judith|Judith]]
|
|-
| [[1 Maccabees]]
| ca. 100 BCE
|-
| [[2 Maccabees]]
| ca. 124 BCE
|-
| [[3 Maccabees]]
| 1st century BCE or 1st century CE
|-
| [[4 Maccabees]]
| 1st century BCE or 1st century CE
|-
| [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]]
| during the [[Hellenistic Judaism|Jewish Hellenistic]] period
|-
| [[Sirach]]
| 2nd century BCE
|-
| [[Letter of Jeremiah]]
| unknown
|-
|[[Additions to Daniel]]
| 2nd century BCE
|-
| [[Book of Baruch|Baruch]]
| during or shortly after the period of the [[Maccabees]]
|-
|}
 
==The New Testament==
The following table gives the most widely accepted dates for the composition of the New Testament books, together with the  earliest preserved fragment for each text.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Book
! Dates determined by scholars
! Earliest Known Fragment
|-
| [[Gospel of Matthew]]
| 70-110 CE{{sfn|Duling|2010|p=298-299}}
| '''[[Papyrus 104|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>104</sup>]]''' (150–200 CE)
|-
| [[Gospel of Mark]]
| 60-70 CE
| '''[[Papyrus 88|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>88</sup>]]''' (350 CE)
|-
| [[Gospel of Luke]]
| 60-90 CE
| '''[[Papyrus 4|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>4</sup>]]''', '''[[Papyrus 75|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>75</sup>]]''' (175–250 CE)
|-
| [[Gospel of John]]
| 80-95 CE
| '''[[Papyrus 52|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>52</sup>]]''' (125–160 CE)
|-
| [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]]
| 60-90 CE
| '''[[Papyrus 29|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>29</sup>]]''', '''[[Papyrus 45|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>45</sup>]]''', '''[[Papyrus 48|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>48</sup>]]''', '''[[Papyrus 53|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>53</sup>]]''', '''[[Papyrus 91|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>91</sup>]]''' (250 CE)
|-
| [[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]]
| 57–58 CE
| '''[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>]]''' (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
|-
| [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|Corinthians]]
| 57 CE
| '''[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>]]''' (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
|-
| [[Epistle to the Galatians|Galatians]]
| 45-55 CE
| '''[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>]]''' (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
|-
| [[Ephesians]]
| 65 CE
| '''[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>]]''' (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
|-
| [[Philippians]]
| 57–62 CE
| '''[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>]]''' (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
|-
| [[Colossians]]
| 60 CE +{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
| '''[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>]]''' (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
|-
| [[1 Thessalonians]]
| 50 CE<ref name="Brown"/>
| '''[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>]]''' (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
|-
| [[2 Thessalonians]]
| 50-54 CE<ref>"The New Testament (Recovery Version)" pg. 959, ISBN 1-57593-907-X (economy edition, black)</ref><ref>Earl D. Radmacher, (Th.D.), Ronald B. Allen (Th.D.), H. Wayne House, (Th.D., J.D.). "NKJV Study Bible (Second Edition)" pg. 1903.</ref>
| '''[[Papyrus 92|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>92</sup>]]''' (300 CE)
|-
| [[Saint Timothy|Timothy]]
| 60-100 CE{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
| [[Codex Sinaiticus]] (350 CE)
|-
| [[Epistle to Titus|Titus]]
| 60-100 CE{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
| '''[[Papyrus 32|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>32</sup>]]''' (200 CE)
|-
| [[Paul's Letter to Philemon|Philemon]]
| 56 CE{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
| '''[[Papyrus 87|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>87</sup>]]''' (3rd century CE)
|-
| [[Letter to the Hebrews|Hebrews]]
| 63-90 CE{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
| '''[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>]]''' (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)
|-
| [[Epistle of James|James]]
| 50-200 CE{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
| '''[[Papyrus 20|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>20</sup>]]''', '''[[Papyrus 23|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>23</sup>]]''' (early 3rd century CE)
|-
| [[First Peter]]
| 60-96 CE{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
| '''[[Papyrus 72|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>72</sup>]]''' (3rd/4th century CE)
|-
| [[Second Peter]]
| 60-130 CE{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
| '''[[Papyrus 72|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>72</sup>]]''' (3rd/4th century CE)
|-
| [[Epistles of John]]
| 90-110 CE{{sfn|Kim|2003|p=250}}
| '''[[Papyrus 9|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>9</sup>]]''', [[Uncial 0232]], [[Codex Sinaiticus]] (3rd/4th century CE)
|-
| [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]]
| 66-90 CE{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
| '''[[Papyrus 72|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>72</sup>]]''' (3rd/4th century CE)
|-
| [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]]
| 68-100 CE{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
| '''[[Papyrus 98|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>98</sup>]]''' (150–200 CE)
|}
 
==See also==
* [[Authorship of the Bible]]
* [[The Bible and history]]
* [[Biblical manuscripts]]
* [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts]]
* [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]
* [[Higher Criticism]]
* [[Markan priority]]
* [[Nag Hammadi library]]
* [[Synoptic problem]]
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist|1}}
 
==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| last1              = Kim
| first1            = P.J
| authorlink        =
| title              = Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature
| chapter            = Letters of John
| editor1-last      =
| editor1-first      =
| editor2-last      =
| editor2-first      =
| year              = 2003
| publisher          = Westminster John Knox Press
| isbn              =
| url                = http://books.google.com.au/books?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+New+Testament&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3Mn2TpmZBtKbiQeE4I2jAQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=cosmology&f=false
| ref                = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last      = Bernstein
| first      = Alan E.
| authorlink =
| title      = The Formation of Hell: Death and Retribution in the Ancient and Early Christian Worlds
| year      = 1996
| publisher  = Cornell University Press
| isbn      =
| url        = http://books.google.com.au/books?id=y8wAdna_YY0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+formation+of+Hell&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RhEET_6HH6TImQWp3th9&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20formation%20of%20Hell&f=false
| ref        = harv
}}
* [[F. F. Bruce|Bruce, F. F.]] ''[http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=mtyPMWgtKLMC The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?]'' (6th Edition), Eerdmans, 2003. [http://www.worldinvisible.com/library/ffbruce/ntdocrli/ntdocont.htm 5th edition]
* [[Bruce M. Metzger|Metzger, Bruce M.]] ''The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origins, Development, and Significance''
* [[William G. Dever|Dever, William G.]] ''[[What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?]]'' Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2001.
* [[Robin Lane Fox|Fox, Robin Lane]] ''The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible'', NY, 1992.
* Hartman, Louis Francis, and Alexander A. Di Lella (eds.). ''The Book of Daniel''. [[Anchor Bible Series|The Anchor Bible Commentary]], vol. 23. New York: Doubleday, 1978.
* Külling, Samuel. ''Zur Datierung der Genesis "P" Stücke''. Ph.D. dissertation, 1970
* Larsson, G. "The Chronological System of the Old Testament". Peter Lang GmbH, 2007.
* [[Elaine Pagels|Pagels, Elaine]]. ''The Gnostic Gospels''. Vintage, reissued 1989.
* [[John A. T. Robinson|Robinson, John A. T.]] ''Redating the New Testament''. 1976. Wipf & Stock Publishers, [http://wipfandstock.com/store/Redating_the_New_Testament Reprint edition], October 2000. ISBN 1-57910-527-0
* {{Cite book |last = Duling |first = Dennis C. |editor-last=Aune |editor-first = David E. |title = The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament |contribution = The Gospel of Matthew |pages = 296–318 |publisher = Wiley-Blackwell |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-1-4051-0825-6 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Blackwell+companion+to+the+New+Testament#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}}
 
 
==External links==
*[http://www.athabascau.ca/courses/rels/204/dates.htm Dates for the Sacred Texts of the Jewish and Christian Traditions]
*[http://www.religioustolerance.org/daniel.htm The Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament)]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dating The Bible}}
[[Category:Biblical criticism]]
[[Category:Bible]]
 
{{Link FA|fr}}

Latest revision as of 10:36, 1 December 2014


New Homes

Recently created homes have good quality get a handle on standards, newer design practices, and better power efficiency than many older homes. They often carry a 1+ year warranty and good money options. The disadvantage is the fact that while they"re easy to enter, it is very difficult to market them for a few years (particularly if the contractor is still in the subdivision), and the ultimate price is often greater than an older house (although they generally need very little up-front money, and many builders will give thousands of dollars of updates and incentives.) The neighborhood won"t be founded, there will be very few shade trees like in an older neighborhood, and it will have more of the frontier experience. Then a clean smell of-a new home is going to be your point, In the event that you like new and bright like a new car.

Present Houses

These are owned by homeowners who wish to sell their houses. They"ve been professional, and could be better made than newer domiciles. Visiting TM likely provides aids you can use with your pastor. Identify supplementary information about install radiant barrier by navigating to our pushing web site. Many people just like the fact that they have the charm and record of having been lived in - in fact, several buyers think that a new house is "cold" if it"s not been lived in. Their age presents respectability to them, and they are in established areas with tall bushes and established neighbors and schools. They might be funky/customized with interesting quirks. Be taught supplementary info on an affiliated portfolio - Click here: principles. These are for those who like "established" OR "different." They"re much easier to offer soon after you get one. Many also take a 1-year warranty. They could not interest people who like being the very first in a property or who need one created especially for them.

Which would you like better - New or Existing? People who like you can maybe not like the other, though there are many exceptions who like both.

2006, Jon Kresh.

If you have any kind of inquiries concerning where and how you can make use of buy health insurance, you can call us at the webpage.

Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Archimedean_property&oldid=227335"