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Template:Distinguish Template:Regression bar A mixed model is a statistical model containing both fixed effects and random effects, that is mixed effects. These models are useful in a wide variety of disciplines in the physical, biological and social sciences. They are particularly useful in settings where repeated measurements are made on the same statistical units (longitudinal study), or where measurements are made on clusters of related statistical units. Because of their advantage to deal with missing values, mixed effects models are often preferred over more traditional approaches such as repeated measures ANOVA.

History and current status

Ronald Fisher introduced random effects models to study the correlations of trait values between relatives. In the 1950s, Charles Roy Henderson provided best linear unbiased estimates (BLUE) of fixed effects and best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) of random effects. Subsequently, mixed modeling has become a major area of statistical research, including work on computation of maximum likelihood estimates, non-linear mixed effect models, missing data in mixed effects models, and Bayesian estimation of mixed effects models. Mixed models are applied in many disciplines where multiple correlated measurements are made on each unit of interest. They are prominently used in research involving human and animal subjects in fields ranging from genetics to marketing, and have also been used in industrial statistics.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

Definition

In matrix notation a mixed model can be represented as

$\ y=X\beta +Zu+\epsilon \,\!$

where

• $y$ is a vector of observations, with mean $E(y)=X\beta$

• $\beta$ is a vector of fixed effects

• $u$ is a vector of random effects with mean $E(u)=0$ and variance-covariance matrix $\operatorname {var} (u)=G$

• $\epsilon$ is a vector of IID random error terms with mean $E(\epsilon )=0$ and variance $\operatorname {var} (\epsilon )=R$

• $X$ and $Z$ are matrices of regressors relating the observations $y$ to $\beta$ and $u$, respectively.

Estimation

Henderson's "mixed model equations" (MME) are:

${\begin{pmatrix}X'R^{-1}X&X'R^{-1}Z\\Z'R^{-1}X&Z'R^{-1}Z+G^{-1}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}{\tilde {\beta }}\\{\tilde {u}}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}X'R^{-1}y\\Z'R^{-1}y\end{pmatrix}}$

The solutions to the MME, $\textstyle {\tilde {\beta }}$ and $\textstyle {\tilde {u}}$ are best linear unbiased estimates (BLUE) and predictors for $\beta$ and $u$, respectively. This is a consequence of the Gauss-Markov theorem when the conditional variance of the outcome is not scalable to the identity matrix. When the conditional variance is known, then the inverse variance weighted least squares estimate is BLUE. However, the conditional variance is rarely, if ever, known. So it is desirable to jointly estimate the variance and weighted parameter estimates when solving MMEs.

One method used to fit such mixed models is that of the EM algorithm where the variance components are treated as unobserved nuisance parameters in the joint likelihood. Currently, this is the implemented method for the major statistical software packages R (lme in the nlme library) and SAS (proc mixed). The solution to the mixed model equations is a maximum likelihood estimate when the distribution of the errors is normal.

See also

• Linear regression
• Fixed effects model
• Random effects model
• Multilevel model
• Mixed-design analysis of variance
• Repeated measures design

References

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Further reading

• Milliken, G. A., & Johnson, D. E. (1992). Analysis of messy data: Vol. I. Designed experiments. New York: Chapman & Hall.

• West, B. T., Welch, K. B., & Galecki, A. T. (2007). Linear mixed models: A practical guide to using statistical software. New York: Chapman & Hall/CRC.