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The effective nuclear charge (often symbolized as $Z_{\mbox{eff}}$ or Z*) is the net positive charge or pull experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom due to the protons in the nucleus. The term "effective" is used because the shielding effect of negatively charged electrons prevents higher orbital electrons from experiencing the full nuclear charge by the repelling effect of inner-layer electrons. The effective nuclear charge experienced by the outer shell electron is also called the core charge. It is possible to determine the strength of the nuclear charge by looking at the oxidation number of the atom.

Calculating the effective nuclear charge

In an atom with one electron, that electron experiences the full charge of the positive nucleus. In this case, the effective nuclear charge can be calculated from Coulomb's law.

However, in an atom with many electrons the outer electrons are simultaneously attracted to the positive nucleus and repelled by the negatively charged electrons. The effective nuclear charge on such an electron is given by the following equation:

Z_{eff}=Z-S

where

Z is the number of protons in the nucleus (atomic number), and

S is the average number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question (the number of nonvalence electrons).

S can be found by the systematic application of various rule sets, the simplest of which is known as "Slater's rules" (named after John C. Slater). Douglas Hartree defined the effective Z of a Hartree-Fock orbital to be:

Z_{eff}={\frac {<r>_{H}}{<r>_{Z}}}

where

<r>_H is the mean radius of the orbital for hydrogen, and

<r>_Z is the mean radius of the orbital for an electron configuration with nuclear charge Z.

Note: Z_eff is also often written Z*.

Example

Consider a sodium cation, a fluorine anion, and a neutral neon atom. Each has 10 electrons, and the number of nonvalence electrons is 2 (10 total electrons - 8 valence) but the effective nuclear charge varies because each has a different atomic number:

Z_{eff}(F^{-})=9-2=7+

Z_{eff}(Ne)=10-2=8+

Z_{eff}(Na^{+})=11-2=9+

So, the sodium cation has the largest effective nuclear charge, and thus the smallest atomic radius.

Values

Updated values of screening constants were provided by Clementi et al.^[1]^[2]

Effective Nuclear Charges
2p	33.039	34.030	35.003	35.993	36.982	37.972	38.941	39.951	40.940	41.930	42.919	43.909	44.898	45.885	46.873	47.860	48.847	49.835
3s	21.843	22.664	23.552	24.362	25.172	25.982	26.792	27.601	28.439	29.221	30.031	30.841	31.631	32.420	33.209	33.998	34.787	35.576
3p	21.303	22.168	23.093	23.846	24.616	25.474	26.384	27.221	28.154	29.020	29.809	30.692	31.521	32.353	33.184	34.009	34.841	35.668
4s	12.388	13.444	14.264	14.902	15.283	16.096	17.198	17.656	18.582	18.986	19.865	20.869	21.761	22.658	23.544	24.408	25.297	26.173
3d	21.679	22.726	25.397	25.567	26.247	27.228	28.353	29.359	30.405	31.451	32.540	33.607	34.678	35.742	36.800	37.839	38.901	39.947
4p	10.881	11.932	12.746	13.460	14.084	14.977	15.811	16.435	17.140	17.723	18.562	19.411	20.369	21.265	22.181	23.122	24.030	24.957
5s	4.985	6.071	6.256	6.446	5.921	6.106	7.227	6.485	6.640	(empty)	6.756	8.192	9.512	10.629	11.617	12.538	13.404	14.218
4d			15.958	13.072	11.238	11.392	12.882	12.813	13.442	13.618	14.763	15.877	16.942	17.970	18.974	19.960	20.934	21.893
5p													8.470	9.102	9.995	10.809	11.612	12.425

References

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In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

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A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

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↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

Resources

Brown, Theodore; LeMay, H.E.; & Bursten, Bruce (2002). Chemistry: The Central Science (8th revised edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-061142-5.

[1] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[clem67-2] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Louis Vuitton Scarf Winter Online ==
+[[File:Effective Nuclear Charge.svg|thumb|Effective Nuclear Charge Diagram|400px|right|Effective Nuclear Charge Diagram]]
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+The '''effective nuclear charge''' (often symbolized as <math>Z_{\mbox{eff}}</math> or Z*) is the net positive charge or pull experienced by an [[electron]] in a multi-electron [[atom]] due to the protons in the nucleus. The term "effective" is used because the [[shielding effect]] of negatively charged electrons prevents higher orbital electrons from experiencing the full [[nuclear charge]] by the repelling effect of inner-layer electrons. The effective nuclear charge experienced by the outer shell electron is also called the [[core charge]]. It is possible to determine the strength of the nuclear charge by looking at the oxidation number of the atom.
-== Louis Vuitton Scarf Mens On Sale ==
+==Calculating the effective nuclear charge==
+In an atom with one electron, that electron experiences the full charge of the positive [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]].  In this case, the effective nuclear charge can be calculated from [[Coulomb's law]].
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+However, in an atom with many electrons the outer electrons are simultaneously attracted to the positive nucleus and repelled by the negatively charged electrons. The effective nuclear charge on such an electron is given by the following equation:
-== Louis Vuitton Scarf Authentic ==
+:<math>Z_{eff} = Z - S </math>
+where
+:''Z'' is the number of protons in the nucleus ([[atomic number]]), and
+:''S'' is the average number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question (the number of nonvalence electrons).
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+''S'' can be found by the systematic application of various rule sets, the simplest of which is known as "[[Slater's rules]]" (named after [[John C. Slater]]). [[Douglas Hartree]] defined the effective ''Z'' of a [[Hartree-Fock]] orbital to be:
+:<math>Z_{eff} = \frac{<r>_H}{<r>_Z} </math>
+where
+:''<r>''<sub>H</sub> is the mean radius of the orbital for hydrogen, and
+:''<r>''<sub>Z</sub> is the mean radius of the orbital for an electron configuration with nuclear charge ''Z''.
+Note: ''Z''<sub>eff</sub> is also often written ''Z''*.
+==Example==
+Consider a [[sodium]] [[cation]], a [[fluorine]] [[anion]], and a neutral [[neon]] atom. Each has 10 electrons, and the number of nonvalence electrons is 2 (10 total electrons - 8 valence) but the effective nuclear charge varies because each has a different atomic number:
+:<math>Z_{eff}(F^-) = 9 - 2 = 7+</math>
+:<math>Z_{eff}(Ne) = 10 - 2 = 8+</math>
+:<math>Z_{eff}(Na^+) = 11 - 2 = 9+</math>
+So, the sodium cation has the largest effective nuclear charge, and thus the smallest [[atomic radius]].
+==Values==
+Updated values of screening constants were provided by Clementi ''et al''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Clementi|first=E.|coauthors=Raimondi, D. L.|title=Atomic Screening Constants from SCF Functions|journal=J. Chem. Phys|year=1963|volume=38|issue=11|pages=2686–2689|doi=10.1063/1.1733573|bibcode = 1963JChPh..38.2686C }}</ref><ref name="clem67">{{cite journal|last=Clementi|first=E.|coauthors=Raimondi, D. L.; Reinhardt, W. P.|title=Atomic Screening Constants from SCF Functions. II. Atoms with 37 to 86 Electrons|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|year=1967|volume=47|pages=1300–1307|doi=10.1063/1.1712084|bibcode = 1967JChPh..47.1300C }}</ref>
+{| style="text-align: right; border: none;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
+|+ Effective Nuclear Charges
+|- style="background: #||31.628||32.380||33.155||33.883||34.634||35.386||36.124||36.859||37.595||38.331||39.067||39.803
+|-
+|2p||33.039||34.030||35.003||35.993||36.982||37.972||38.941||39.951||40.940||41.930||42.919||43.909||44.898||45.885||46.873||47.860||48.847||49.835
+|-
+|3s||21.843||22.664||23.552||24.362||25.172||25.982||26.792||27.601||28.439||29.221||30.031||30.841||31.631||32.420||33.209||33.998||34.787||35.576
+|-
+|3p||21.303||22.168||23.093||23.846||24.616||25.474||26.384||27.221||28.154||29.020||29.809||30.692||31.521||32.353||33.184||34.009||34.841||35.668
+|-
+|4s||12.388||13.444||14.264||14.902||15.283||16.096||17.198||17.656||18.582||18.986||19.865||20.869||21.761||22.658||23.544||24.408||25.297||26.173
+|-
+|3d||21.679||22.726||25.397||25.567||26.247||27.228||28.353||29.359||30.405||31.451||32.540||33.607||34.678||35.742||36.800||37.839||38.901||39.947
+|-
+|4p||10.881||11.932||12.746||13.460||14.084||14.977||15.811||16.435||17.140||17.723||18.562||19.411||20.369||21.265||22.181||23.122||24.030||24.957
+|-
+|5s||4.985||6.071||6.256||6.446||5.921||6.106||7.227||6.485||6.640||(empty)||6.756||8.192||9.512||10.629||11.617||12.538||13.404||14.218
+|-
+|4d|| || ||15.958||13.072||11.238||11.392||12.882||12.813||13.442||13.618||14.763||15.877||16.942||17.970||18.974||19.960||20.934||21.893
+|-
+|5p|| colspan="12" |&nbsp;||8.470||9.102||9.995||10.809||11.612||12.425
+|}
+==See also==
+*[[Slater's rules]]
+*[[Slater-type orbitals]]
+*[[Electronegativity]]
+==References==
+<references />
+==Resources==
+*Brown, Theodore; LeMay, H.E.; & Bursten, Bruce (2002). ''Chemistry: The Central Science'' (8th revised edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-061142-5.
+[[Category:Chemical bonding]]

Dixon's Q test: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 02:45, 23 September 2013

Contents

Calculating the effective nuclear charge

Example

Values

See also

References

Resources

Navigation menu

Dixon's Q test: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 02:45, 23 September 2013

Calculating the effective nuclear charge

Example

Values

See also

References

Resources

Navigation menu

Search