EHP spectral sequence

In fluid dynamics, the Darcy friction factor formulae are equations — based on experimental data and theory — for the Darcy friction factor. The Darcy friction factor is a dimensionless quantity used in the Darcy–Weisbach equation, for the description of friction losses in pipe flow as well as open channel flow. It is also known as the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor or Moody friction factor and is four times larger than the Fanning friction factor.

Flow regime

Which friction factor formula may be applicable depends upon the type of flow that exists:

• Laminar flow
• Transition between laminar and turbulent flow
• Fully turbulent flow in smooth conduits
• Fully turbulent flow in rough conduits
• Free surface flow.

Laminar flow

The Darcy friction factor for laminar flow (Reynolds number less than 2100) is given by the following formula:

$f={\frac {64}{\mathrm {Re} }}$

where:

• $f$ is the Darcy friction factor
• $\mathrm {Re}$ is the Reynolds number.

Transition flow

Transition (neither fully laminar nor fully turbulent) flow occurs in the range of Reynolds numbers between 2300 and 4000. The value of the Darcy friction factor may be subject to large uncertainties in this flow regime.

Turbulent flow in smooth conduits

The Blasius correlation is the most simple equation for computing the Darcy friction factor. Because the Blasius correlation has no term for pipe roughness, it is valid only to smooth pipes. However, the Blasius correlation is sometimes used in rough pipes because of its simplicity. The Blasius correlation is valid up to the Reynolds number 100000.

Turbulent flow in rough conduits

The Darcy friction factor for fully turbulent flow (Reynolds number greater than 4000) in rough conduits is given by the Colebrook equation.

Free surface flow

The last formula in the Colebrook equation section of this article is for free surface flow. The approximations elsewhere in this article are not applicable for this type of flow.

Choosing a formula

Before choosing a formula it is worth knowing that in the paper on the Moody chart, Moody stated the accuracy is about ±5% for smooth pipes and ±10% for rough pipes. If more than one formula is applicable in the flow regime under consideration, the choice of formula may be influenced by one or more of the following:

• Required precision
• Speed of computation required
• Available computational technology:
  • calculator (minimize keystrokes)
  • spreadsheet (single-cell formula)
  • programming/scripting language (subroutine).

Compact forms

The Colebrook equation is an implicit equation that combines experimental results of studies of turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipes. It was developed in 1939 by C. F. Colebrook. The 1937 paper by C. F. Colebrook and C. M. White is often erroneously cited as the source of the equation. This is partly because Colebrook in a footnote (from his 1939 paper) acknowledges his debt to White for suggesting the mathematical method by which the smooth and rough pipe correlations could be combined. The equation is used to iteratively solve for the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f. This equation is also known as the Colebrook–White equation.

For conduits that are flowing completely full of fluid at Reynolds numbers greater than 4000, it is defined as:

${\frac {1}{\sqrt {f}}}=-2\log _{10}\left({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D_{\mathrm {h} }}}+{\frac {2.51}{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f}}}}\right)$

or

${\frac {1}{\sqrt {f}}}=-2\log _{10}\left({\frac {\varepsilon }{14.8R_{\mathrm {h} }}}+{\frac {2.51}{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f}}}}\right)$

where:

• $f$ is the Darcy friction factor
• Roughness height, $\varepsilon$ (m, ft)
• Hydraulic diameter, $D_{\mathrm {h} }$ (m, ft) — For fluid-filled, circular conduits, $D_{\mathrm {h} }$ = D = inside diameter
• Hydraulic radius, $R_{\mathrm {h} }$ (m, ft) — For fluid-filled, circular conduits, $R_{\mathrm {h} }$ = D/4 = (inside diameter)/4
• $\mathrm {Re}$ is the Reynolds number.

Note: Some sources use a constant of 3.71 in the denominator for the roughness term in the first equation above.

Solving

The Colebrook equation is usually solved numerically due to its implicit nature. Recently, the Lambert W function has been employed to obtain explicit reformulation of the Colebrook equation.

Expanded forms

Additional, mathematically equivalent forms of the Colebrook equation are:

${\frac {1}{\sqrt {f}}}=1.7384\ldots -2\log _{10}\left({\frac {2\varepsilon }{D_{\mathrm {h} }}}+{\frac {18.574}{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f}}}}\right)$

where:

1.7384... = 2 log (2 × 3.7) = 2 log (7.4)

18.574 = 2.51 × 3.7 × 2

and

${\frac {1}{\sqrt {f}}}=1.1364\ldots +2\log _{10}(D_{\mathrm {h} }/\varepsilon )-2\log _{10}\left(1+{\frac {9.287}{\mathrm {Re} (\varepsilon /D_{\mathrm {h} }){\sqrt {f}}}}\right)$

or

${\frac {1}{\sqrt {f}}}=1.1364\ldots -2\log _{10}\left({\frac {\varepsilon }{D_{\mathrm {h} }}}+{\frac {9.287}{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f}}}}\right)$

where:

1.1364... = 1.7384... − 2 log (2) = 2 log (7.4) − 2 log (2) = 2 log (3.7)

9.287 = 18.574 / 2 = 2.51 × 3.7.

The additional equivalent forms above assume that the constants 3.7 and 2.51 in the formula at the top of this section are exact. The constants are probably values which were rounded by Colebrook during his curve fitting; but they are effectively treated as exact when comparing (to several decimal places) results from explicit formulae (such as those found elsewhere in this article) to the friction factor computed via Colebrook's implicit equation.

Equations similar to the additional forms above (with the constants rounded to fewer decimal places—or perhaps shifted slightly to minimize overall rounding errors) may be found in various references. It may be helpful to note that they are essentially the same equation.

Free surface flow

Another form of the Colebrook-White equation exists for free surfaces. Such a condition may exist in a pipe that is flowing partially full of fluid. For free surface flow:

${\frac {1}{\sqrt {f}}}=-2\log _{10}\left({\frac {\varepsilon }{12R_{\mathrm {h} }}}+{\frac {2.51}{\mathrm {Re} {\sqrt {f}}}}\right).$

Approximations of the Colebrook equation

Haaland equation

The Haaland equation was proposed by Norwegian Institute of Technology professor Haaland in 1984. It is used to solve directly for the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f for a full-flowing circular pipe. It is an approximation of the implicit Colebrook–White equation, but the discrepancy from experimental data is well within the accuracy of the data. It was developed by S. E. Haaland in 1983.

The Haaland equation is defined as:

${\frac {1}{\sqrt {f}}}=-1.8\log _{10}\left[\left({\frac {\varepsilon /D}{3.7}}\right)^{1.11}+{\frac {6.9}{\mathrm {Re} }}\right]$

where:

• $f$ is the Darcy friction factor
• $\varepsilon /D$ is the relative roughness
• $\mathrm {Re}$ is the Reynolds number.

Swamee–Jain equation

The Swamee–Jain equation is used to solve directly for the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f for a full-flowing circular pipe. It is an approximation of the implicit Colebrook–White equation.

$f=0.25\left[\log _{10}\left({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}+{\frac {5.74}{\mathrm {Re} ^{0.9}}}\right)\right]^{-2}$

where f is a function of:

• Roughness height, ε (m, ft)
• Pipe diameter, D (m, ft)
• Reynolds number, Re (unitless).

Serghides's solution

Serghides's solution is used to solve directly for the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f for a full-flowing circular pipe. It is an approximation of the implicit Colebrook–White equation. It was derived using Steffensen's method.

The solution involves calculating three intermediate values and then substituting those values into a final equation.

$A=-2\log _{10}\left({\varepsilon \over 3.7D}+{12 \over {\mbox{Re}}}\right)$

$B=-2\log _{10}\left({\varepsilon \over 3.7D}+{2.51A \over {\mbox{Re}}}\right)$

$C=-2\log _{10}\left({\varepsilon \over 3.7D}+{2.51B \over {\mbox{Re}}}\right)$

$f=\left(A-{\frac {(B-A)^{2}}{C-2B+A}}\right)^{-2}$

where f is a function of:

• Roughness height, ε (m, ft)
• Pipe diameter, D (m, ft)
• Reynolds number, Re (unitless).

The equation was found to match the Colebrook–White equation within 0.0023% for a test set with a 70-point matrix consisting of ten relative roughness values (in the range 0.00004 to 0.05) by seven Reynolds numbers (2500 to 10⁸).

Goudar–Sonnad equation

Goudar equation is the most accurate approximation to solve directly for the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f for a full-flowing circular pipe. It is an approximation of the implicit Colebrook–White equation. Equation has the following form

$a={2 \over \ln(10)}$

$b={\varepsilon /D \over 3.7}$

$d={\ln(10)Re \over 5.02}$

$s={bd+\ln(d)}$

$q={{s}^{s/(s+1)}}$

$g={bd+\ln {d \over q}}$

$z={\ln {q \over g}}$

$D_{LA}=z{g \over {g+1}}$

$D_{CFA}=D_{LA}\left(1+{\frac {z/2}{(g+1)^{2}+(z/3)(2g-1)}}\right)$

${\frac {1}{\sqrt {f}}}={a\left[\ln \left({\frac {d}{q}}\right)+D_{CFA}\right]}$

where f is a function of:

• Roughness height, ε (m, ft)
• Pipe diameter, D (m, ft)
• Reynolds number, Re (unitless).

Brkić solution

Brkić shows one approximation of the Colebrook equation based on the Lambert W-function

$S=ln{\frac {Re}{\mathrm {1.816ln{\frac {1.1Re}{\mathrm {ln(1+1.1Re)} }}} }}$

${\frac {1}{\sqrt {f}}}=-2\log _{10}\left({\varepsilon /D \over 3.71}+{2.18S \over {\mbox{Re}}}\right)$

where Darcy friction factor f is a function of:

• Roughness height, ε (m, ft)
• Pipe diameter, D (m, ft)
• Reynolds number, Re (unitless).

The equation was found to match the Colebrook–White equation within 3.15%.

Blasius correlations

Early approximations by Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius in terms of the Fanning friction factor are given in one article of 1913:

$f=0.079\mathrm {Re} ^{-{1 \over 4}}$.

Johann Nikuradse in 1932 proposed that this corresponds to a power law correlation for the fluid velocity profile.

Mishra and Gupta in 1979 proposed a correction for curved or helically coiled tubes, taking into account the equivalent curve radius, R_c:

$f=0.079\mathrm {Re} ^{-{1 \over 4}}+0.0075{\sqrt {\frac {D}{2R_{c}}}}$,

with,

$R_{c}=R\left[1+\left({\frac {H}{2\pi R}}\right)^{2}\right]$

where f is a function of:

• Pipe diameter, D (m, ft)
• Curve radius, R (m, ft)
• Helicoidal pitch, H (m, ft)
• Reynolds number, Re (unitless)

valid for:

• Re_tr < Re < 10⁵
• 6.7 < 2R_c/D < 346.0
• 0 < H/D < 25.4

Table of Approximations

The following table lists historical approximations where:

• Re, Reynolds number (unitless);
• λ, Darcy friction factor (dimensionless);
• ε, roughness of the inner surface of the pipe (dimension of length);
• D, inner pipe diameter;
• $\log(x)$ is the base-10 logarithm.

Note that the Churchill equation (1977) is the only one that returns a correct value for friction factor in the laminar flow region (Reynolds number < 2300). All of the others are for transitional and turbulent flow only.

Table of Colebrook equation approximations

Equation	Author	Year	Ref
$\lambda =.0055(1+(2\times 10^{4}\cdot {\frac {\varepsilon }{D}}+{\frac {10^{6}}{Re}})^{\frac {1}{3}})$	Moody	1947
$\lambda =.094({\frac {\varepsilon }{D}})^{0.225}+0.53({\frac {\varepsilon }{D}})+88({\frac {\varepsilon }{D}})^{0.44}\cdot {Re}^{-{\Psi }}$ where $\Psi =1.62({\frac {\varepsilon }{D}})^{0.134}$	Wood	1966
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=-2\log({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.715D}}+{\frac {15}{Re}})$	Eck	1973
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=-2\log({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}+{\frac {5.74}{Re^{0.9}}})$	Jain and Swamee	1976
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=-2\log(({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.71D}})+({\frac {7}{Re}})^{0.9})$	Churchill	1973
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=-2\log(({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.715D}})+({\frac {6.943}{Re}})^{0.9}))$	Jain	1976
$\lambda =8[({\frac {8}{Re}})^{12}+{\frac {1}{(\Theta _{1}+\Theta _{2})^{1.5}}})]^{\frac {1}{12}}$ where $\Theta _{1}=[-2.457\ln[({\frac {7}{Re}})^{0.9}+0.27{\frac {\varepsilon }{D}}]]^{16}$ $\Theta _{2}=({\frac {37530}{Re}})^{16}$	Churchill	1977
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=-2\log[{\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7065D}}-{\frac {5.0452}{Re}}\log({\frac {1}{2.8257}}({\frac {\varepsilon }{D}})^{1.1098}+{\frac {5.8506}{Re^{0.8981}}})]$	Chen	1979
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=1.8\log[{\frac {Re}{0.135Re({\frac {\varepsilon }{D}})+6.5}}]$	Round	1980
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=-2\log({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}+{\frac {5.158log({\frac {Re}{7}})}{Re(1+{\frac {Re^{0.52}}{29}}({\frac {\varepsilon }{D}})^{0.7}}}$	Barr	1981
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=-2\log[{\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}-{\frac {5.02}{Re}}\log({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}-{\frac {5.02}{Re}}\log({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}+{\frac {13}{Re}}))]$ or ${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=-2\log[{\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}-{\frac {5.02}{Re}}\log({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}+{\frac {13}{Re}})]$	Zigrang and Sylvester	1982
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=-1.8\log \left[\left({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}\right)^{1.11}+{\frac {6.9}{Re}}\right]$	Haaland	1983
$\lambda =[\Psi _{1}-{\frac {(\Psi _{2}-\Psi _{1})^{2}}{\Psi _{3}-2\Psi _{2}+\Psi _{1}}}]^{-2}$ or $\lambda =[4.781-{\frac {(\Psi _{1}-4.781)^{2}}{\Psi _{2}-2\Psi _{1}+4.781}}]^{-2}$ where $\Psi _{1}=-2\log({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}+{\frac {12}{Re}})$ $\Psi _{2}=-2\log({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}+{\frac {2.51\Psi _{1}}{Re}})$ $\Psi _{3}=-2\log({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}+{\frac {2.51\Psi _{2}}{Re}})$	Serghides	1984
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=-2\log({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}+{\frac {95}{Re^{0.983}}}-{\frac {96.82}{Re}})$	Manadilli	1997
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=-2\log \lbrace {\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7065D}}-{\frac {5.0272}{Re}}\log[{\frac {\varepsilon }{3.827D}}-{\frac {4.657}{Re}}\log(({\frac {\varepsilon }{7.7918D}})^{0.9924}+({\frac {5.3326}{208.815+Re}})^{0.9345})]\rbrace$	Monzon, Romeo, Royo	2002
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=0.8686\ln[{\frac {0.4587Re}{(S-0.31)^{\frac {S}{(S+1)}}}}]$ where: $S=0.124Re{\frac {\varepsilon }{D}}+\ln(0.4587Re)$	Goudar, Sonnad	2006
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=0.8686\ln[{\frac {0.4587Re}{(S-0.31)^{\frac {S}{(S+0.9633)}}}}]$ where: $S=0.124Re{\frac {\varepsilon }{D}}+\ln(0.4587Re)$	Vatankhah, Kouchakzadeh	2008
${\frac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda }}}=\alpha -[{\frac {\alpha +2\log({\frac {\mathrm {B} }{Re}})}{1+{\frac {2.18}{\mathrm {B} }}}}]$ where $\alpha ={\frac {(0.744\ln(Re))-1.41}{(1+1.32{\sqrt {\frac {\varepsilon }{D}}})}}$ $\mathrm {B} ={\frac {\varepsilon }{3.7D}}Re+2.51\alpha$	Buzzelli	2008
$\lambda ={\frac {6.4}{(\ln(Re)-\ln(1+.001Re{\frac {\varepsilon }{D}}(1+10{\sqrt {\varepsilon }}{D})))^{2.4}}}$	Avci, Kargoz	2009
$\lambda ={\frac {0.2479-0.0000947(7-\log Re)^{4}}{(\log({\frac {\varepsilon }{3.615D}}+{\frac {7.366}{Re^{0.9142}}}))^{2}}}$	Evangleids, Papaevangelou, Tzimopoulos	2010

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

Further reading

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• One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
  
  In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
  
  Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
  
  Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
  
  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
  There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
• One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
  
  In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
  
  Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
  
  Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
  
  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
  There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
• One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
  
  In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
  
  Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
  
  Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
  
  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
  There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang — Serghides' solution is also mentioned here.
• One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
  
  In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
  
  Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
  
  Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
  
  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
  There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
• One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
  
  In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
  
  Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
  
  Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
  
  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
  There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
• One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
  
  In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
  
  Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
  
  Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
  
  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
  There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

External links

• Web-based calculator of Darcy friction factors by Serghides' solution.
• Open source pipe friction calculator.